单选题In the art of the Middle Ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather it is diffused through the artistic genius of centuries embodied in the rules of religious art. Art of the Middle Ages is first a sacred script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically behind the head signifies sainthood, while the halo impressed with a cross signifies divinity. By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet would have been tantamount to heresy. Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines water or the sea. A tree, which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylized leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village, and, should an angel be depicted with curly hair, and a short beard, while Saint Paul has always a bald head and a long beard. A second characteristic of this iconography is obedience to a sacred mathematics. "The Divine Wisdom," wrote Saint Augustine, "reveals itself everywhere in numbers", a doctrine attributable to the neo-Platonists who revived the genius of Pythagoras. Twelve is the master number of the Church and is the product of three, the number of the Trinity, and four, the number of material elements. The number seven, the most mysterious of all numbers, is the sum of four and three. There are the seven ages of man, seven virtues, seven planets. In the final analysis, the seven-tone scale of Gregorian music is the sensible embodiment of the order of the universe. Numbers require also a symmetry. At Charters, a stained glass window show the four prophets, Isaac, Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jeremiah, carrying on their shoulders the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. A third characteristic of art is to be a symbolic language, showing us one thing and inviting us to see an other. In this respect, the artist was called upon to imitate God, who had hidden a profound meaning behind the literal and wished nature itself to be a moral lesson to man. Thus, every painting is an allegory. In a scene of the final judgment, we can see the foolish virgins at the left hand of Jesus and the wise at his right, and we understand that this symbolizes those who are lost and those who are saved. Even seemingly insignificant details carry hidden meaning: The lion in a stained glass window is the figure of the Resurrection. These, then, are the defining characteristics of art of the Middle Ages, a system within which even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artists of the early Renaissance broke with traditional at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works, and, even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules. (523)

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that, if a large male sea otter weighs 100 pounds, it must eat approximately ______ of food a day to maintain its body heat.

单选题______, a well-known publisher of paperback books, was founded in 1935.

单选题Speech act theory is an important theory in the ______ study of language.

单选题Having said all of this, I should, perhaps, locate myself. I teach and write about a loose and baggy territory called Las Americas, the Americas, and most often about the part of that category referred to as Latin America. This latter space includes nations, of course, but the demarcation is far more flexible because of its plural referent. The writers who inhabit this territory possess dual citizenship, for they are self-avowed "Latin American" writers at the same time that they are also Mexican, Argentine, Peruvian, or Cuban. In fact, they are often engaged deeply in describing their own national cultures and are far from ready to throw out the baby with the globalizing bathwater. Mexico is a particularly interesting case of the use of nation as a defense against the leveling pressures of' globalization -- a nationalism of resistance, in Wallerstein's terms, rather than a nationalism of domination. For example, the much debated NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement -- or the TLC, Tratado de Libre Comercio -- opened Mexico's borders to American commercial onslaughts in the early 1990s, but in cultural matters, the treaty encodes a very different attitude. The Free Trade Agreement contains an Annex that provides special protection to Mexico's cultural industries. Some of its provisions are as follows: 1) the use of the Spanish language is required for the broadcast, cable or multipoint distribution system of radio and television, except when the Secretaria de Gobemacion authorizes the use of another language; 2) a majority of the time of each day's live broadcast programs must feature Mexican nationals; 3) the use of die Spanish language or Spanish subtitles is required for advertising that is broadcast or otherwise distributed in the territory of Mexico; and 4o) thirty percent of screen time of every theater, assessed on an annual basis, may be reserved for films produced by Mexican persons either within or outside the territory of Mexico. I should also like to mention that it was Canada that insisted on cultural industry protection clauses in the North American Free Trade Agreement originally and the Canadian government achieved partial success, at best. In comparison, protections of cultural industries are common throughout the European Union: France passed recently legislation requiring that French radio stations devote forty percent of airtime to French music, and Spain also passed a law requiring that one-fourth to one-third of all movies shown in Spanish theaters to be of Spanish origin. England has long protected its movie industry: the great film director Michael Powell got his start, as did other British directors during the 1930s, making what were called quota quickies. So, even as I suggest that comparatists may want to review our nationalist institutional and disciplinary structures in the light of global mobility, nations continue to protect their cultures against those same forces.

单选题The author considers the Marxist sociologist' s thesis about the origins of racial prejudice to be______.

单选题A: Do you think that our boss is a kind man? B: It is fine weather, isn' t it? The above dialogue violates the principle of ______ of CP (Cooperative Principle).

单选题According to the passage, music industry should ______.

单选题The youngest readers will quickly develop good reading skills if they _______.

单选题______ is John Steinbeck's masterpiece. A. An American Tragedy B. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn C. A Farewell to Arms D. The Grapes of Wrath

单选题Why did the physical fitness movement revive after the Civil Ware______.

单选题Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of the British historical novelist A. Walter Scott. B. William Hazlitt. C. Charles Lamb. D. Matthew Arnold.

单选题New Zealand is in ______, halfway between the equator and the South Pole.

单选题Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?

单选题The English Channel separates the islands of Great Britain from______.

单选题Last month the National Health Service (NHS) in England calculated its carbon footprint as the equivalent of 21m tonnes of carbon dioxide a year—just short of the amount emitted by the Drax coal-fired power station in Yorkshire, Western Europe's largest. Unlike the power station's emissions, though, those of the health service have been increasing: they have grown by half since 1990. Other countries fare no better. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association estimates that America's health-care industry accounts for 8% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. In Germany, a study by the Viamedica Foundation showed that a hospital's energy expenditure per bed was roughly the same as that of three newly built homes. The past few years have seen efforts to make things greener. The King Edward Memorial hospital in Mumbai, for example, was recently remodelled with solar heaters and rainwater-collection units. Many hospitals are switching from standard light-bulbs to compact fluorescent or LED lights. The Dell Children's Medical Center in Austin, Texas, was the first hospital to be certified "platinum" under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards of the United States' Green Building Council--the highest designation there is. Moves towards energy efficiency are essential to reduce carbon emissions, but they are not enough. "When hospitals start looking at their energy usage, it is only the first step in a long way," says Anja Leetz, executive director of Health Care Without Harm, an organisation whose purpose is to implement more environmentally sustainable health care round the world. The NHS study suggests that energy expenditure is responsible for only a quarter of hospital carbon emissions. Procurement—primarily that of medical equipment and pharmaceuticals—is the main culprit, swallowing 60%. Simply disposing of unused pharmaceuticals contributes over 22,000 tonnes of CO2 every year. There are also protocols and procedures which add a lot of carbon without providing a great deal of health. Before the risks of mad-cow disease were understood, the NHS routinely reused its nailclippers Now the one-in-10m estimated risk of transmitting Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, the human equivalent of mad-cow, has made it common to use clippers only once. A low risk creates a mountain of waste. One way to avoid such problems is for people to stay at home and, when necessary, be visited by a podiatrist who uses the patient's own clippers. And this illustrates one of the wisest tactics hospitals and clinics can make use of as they try to become greener: keeping people out and looking after them at home instead. Fewer admissions, lower emissions. Easier said than done. David Pencheon, the director of the NHS's Sustainable Development Unit, says shifting health care out of hospitals means reworking the system from the inside out. But it is possible. "We have the technology to deliver services in more accurate ways," says Dr. Pencheon. Smaller and more efficient machines, for example, make it easier for treatments like dialysis and chemotherapy to take place in the home. Consultations, too, need not necessarily involve travel. Kidney-transplant patients at the University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire are given the option to have three out of four of their quarterly post-operative "visits" conducted by phone. That is a couple of tonnes of CO2 saved right there. Like the first wave of environmental responsibility, which focused on energy efficiency and design, moves to decentralise health care in this way can often reduce environmental impacts without sacrificing quality and safety. Much of this greenery could also save money. The Confederation of British Industry, a business lobby group, estimates that 15 billion pounds could be saved by treating chronic diseases at home.

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} As college seniors hurtle into the job hunt, little fibs on the resume--for example, claiming a degree when they're three credits shy of graduation--seem harmless enough. So new grads ought to read this memo now: those 20-year-old falsehoods on cream-colored, 32-lb. premium paper have poleaxed so many high-profile executives that you wonder who in the business world hasn't got the message. A resume listing two fictitious degrees led to the resignation of David Edmondson, CEO of RadioShack. Untruthful curricula vitae have also hobbled the careers of executives at Bausch & Lomb, Veritas Software and the U. S. Olympic Committee. The headlines haven't dented job seekers' desire to dissemble even as employers have grown increasingly able to detect deception. InfoLink Screening Services, a background-checking company, estimates that 14% of job applicants in the U. S. lie about their education on their resumes. (A common boast by guys: that they played on the college football team. )Resume Doctor. Com ,a resume-writing business, found that of 1, 000 resumes it vetted over six months, 43% contained one or more "significant inaccuracies." Leery of executive Pinocchios lurking in their boardrooms, employers are stepping up efforts to spot them. and weed them out. In the field of industrial and organizational psychology, figuring out why and how job applicants lie is a hot research topic, and new studies are warning companies about the dangers of employing a liar. As a result, 96% of businesses now conduct some sort of background check on job applicants, according to the Society for Human Resource Management (S. H. R. M. ), a trade group. MeanWhile, the ranks of third-party screeners have exploded in the past 10 years into a $ 2 billion industry. Psychologists call lying a form of impression management-an extension of the common human impulse to look better in someone else's eyes. "It's a way to resolve the discrepancy between the average applicant you think you are and the ideal applicant you think they seek, "says Roland Kidwell, associate professor at the University of Wyoming's College of Business, who has researched resume padding. Lies about education are perhaps prevalent because only 35% of employers say they "always' verify degrees conferred, says S. H.R.M. Employees who lie to get in the door can wreak untold havoc on a business, experts say, from tarnishing the reputation and credibility of a firm to upending co-workers and projects to igniting shareholder wrath--and that's if the lie is found out. Even when it isn't, the falsified resume can indicate a deeply rooted inclination toward unethical behavior. "There's a lot of evidence that those who cheat on job applications also cheat in school and in life, " says Richard Griffith, director of the industrial and organizational psychology program at the Florida Institute of Technology and author of a forthcoming book on job-applicant faking. "If someone says they have a degree and they don't, I'd have little faith that person would tell the truth when it came to financial statements and so on." Employers' fears have sparked a boom in the background-screening industry. About 700 firms exist now, compared to only a handful 10 years ago. Analysts say revenues for the industry are growing 7% to 10% a year. Though exhaustive checks on CEO-level individuals can cost $10, 000 or more, some companies offer basic vetting for as little as $10. Hire Right of Irvine, Calif. , screens 1 million resumes a year and says business has grown tenfold over the past five years: employers have grown so watchful, says David Nachman, the company's head of marketing and business development, that they now check the resumes of temporary staff and local hires in their offices overseas. But guarding the henhouse does little good if the fox is already nestled inside. To unmask the deceivers among them, some employers are conducting checks upon promotion. Verified Person markets its ability to provide ongoing employee screening through automated criminal checks. With this increased vigilance comes a thorny new dilemma: figuring out whether every fib is really a fireable offense. Many bosses feel that a worker's track record on the job speaks more strongly than a stretched resume, says John Challenger of the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Rather than booting talented workers, Challenger suggests, employers should offer an amnesty period. "A moratorium would let anyone who needs to come clean, " he says. And the culprit could always go back to school and finish that degree-maybe even on company time.

单选题Which of tile following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

单选题The author seems to believe that the past explanations for taboos concerning eating are______.

单选题When scientists first warned in the 1970s that CFCs could attack ozone, the U.S. responded by banning their use in spray cans. But the rest of the world continued to use CFC - based aerosol cans , and overall CFC production kept growing. The threat became far clearer in 1985 , when researchers reported a "hole" in the ozone layer over Antarctic. Although the size of the hole varies with the seasons and weather patterns, at times Antarctic ozone has been depleted by as much as 50% in some spots. As a result of this disturbing development, 24 nations, including the U. S. and the Soviet Union, met in Montreal two summers ago and agreed to cut back on CFCs. The so - called Montreal Protocal is designed to achieve a 35% net reduction in worldwide CFC production by 1999. That's not good enough, however, the same stability that makes CFC so safe in industrial use makes them extremely longlives, some of the CFCs released today will still be in the atmosphere a century from now. Moreover, each atom of chlorine liberated form a CFC can break up as many as 100, 000 molecules of ozone. For this reason, governments should ensure the careful handling and recycling of the CFC now in use. When plastic -foam burger holders are broken, the CFCs trapped inside escape. Discarded refrigerators release CFCs as well, and, a significant part of the U.S. contribution to CFC emissions comes from draining automobile air conditioners. Such release of CFCs could be prevented if consumers and businesses were offered cash incentives to return brokendown air conditioners and refrigerators to auto and appliance dealers. Then the units could be sent hack to the manufacturers so that the CFCs could be reused. While recycling will help, the only sure way to save the ozone is a complete ban on CFC manufacture, which should be phased out over the next five years. Fortunately, as the Montreal Protocal demonstrates, banning CFCs will be far simpler than reducing other dangerous gases. But a ban could admittedly be economically disruptive to the entire world: the annual market for CFCs is some $ 2.2 billion. The Soviet Union, which is a heavy user of CFCs, will have a particularly tough time phasing out the chemicals. "I agree with the ban in principle, "said Vladimir Sakharov, a member of the Soviet State Committee for Enviromental Protection, "but in practice it will be extremely difficult. Our economy is not flexible as others. " To make the transition easier, chemical companies are working hard to find practical substitutes for CFCs. The most promising approach so far is to use CFC family members that are chemically altered to make them less dangerous to the environment. The chlorine - free substitutes is the high cost of making them. It may be that until better manufacturing techniques are developed, consumers will have to pay more for affected products. The prospect is not a pleasant one, it is a small price to pay for curbing the green house effect and saving the life -preserving ozone layer.