[此试题无题干]

(1) Israel is a "powerhouse of agricultural technology", says Abraham Goren of Elbit Imaging (EI), an Israeli multinational. The country's cows can produce as much as 37 liters of milk a day. In India, by contrast, cows yield just seven liters. Spotting an opportunity, EI is going into the Indian dairy business. It will import 10,000 cows and supply fortified and flavored milk to supermarkets and other buyers. (2) So will EI lap up India's milk market? Not necessarily. As the Times of India points out, its cows will ruminate less than 100 miles from the headquarters of a formidable local producer—the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation, otherwise known as Amul. This Farmers' Co-operative spans 2.6m members, collects 6.5m liters of milk a day, and boasts one of the longest-running and best-loved advertising campaigns in India. It has already shown "immense resilience" in the face of multinational competition, says Arindam Bhattacharya of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG). Its ice-cream business survived the arrival of Unilever; its chocolate milk has thrived despite Nestle. (3) Indeed, Amul is one of 50 firms—from China, India, Brazil, Russia and six other emerging economies—that BCG has anointed as "local dynamos". They are prospering in their home market, are fending off multinational rivals, and are not focused on expanding abroad. BCG discovered many of these firms while drawing up its "global challengers" list of multinationals from the developing world. The companies that were venturing abroad most eagerly, it discovered, were not necessarily the most successful at home. (4) Emerging economies are still prey to what Harvard's Dani Rodrik has called "export fetishism". International success remains a firm's proudest boast, and with good reason: economists have shown that exporters are typically bigger, more efficient and pay better than their more parochial rivals. "Exporters are better" was the crisp verdict of a recent review of the data. (5) Countries like India and Brazil were, after all, once secluded backwaters fenced off by high tariffs. Prominent firms idled along on government favors and captive markets. In that era, exporting was a truer test of a company's worth. But as such countries have opened up, their home markets have become more trying places. Withstanding the onslaught of foreign firms on home soil may be as impressive a feat as beating them in global markets. (6) BCG describes some of the ways that feat has been accomplished. Of its 50 dynamos, 41 are in consumer businesses, where they can exploit a more intimate understanding of their compatriots' tastes. It gives the example of Gol, a Brazilian budget airline, which bet that its cash-strapped customers would sacrifice convenience and speed for price. Many Gol planes therefore depart at odd hours and make several hops to out-of-the-way locations, rather than flying directly. (7) Similarly astute was India's Titan Industries, which has increased its share of India's wristwatch market despite the entry of foreign brands such as Timex and Swatch. It understood that Indians, who expect a good price even for old newspapers, do not throw their watches away lightly, and has over 700 after-sales centers that will replace straps and batteries. (8) Exporters tend to be more capital-intensive than their home-bound peers; they also rely more on skilled labor. Many local dynamos, conversely, take full advantage of the cheap workforce at their disposal. Focus Media, China's biggest "out of home" advertising company, gets messages out on flat-panel displays in 85,000 locations around the country. Those displays could be linked and reprogrammed electronically, but that might fall foul of broadcast regulations. So instead the firm's fleet of workers on bicycles replaces the displays' discs and flash-cards by hand. (9) The list of multinationals resisted or repelled by these dynamos includes some of the world's biggest names: eBay and Google in China; Wal-Mart in Mexico; SAP in Brazil. But Mr. Goren of EI is not too worried about Amul. The market is big enough for everybody, he insists. Nothing, then, is for either company to cry about.

The term "American dream" is widely used today. But what exactly does this concept mean? The term "American dream" began to be widely used【T1】 1. The term was used in a famous novel written by Horatio Alger. The novel, Ragged Dick, was a "【T2】 2" story about a little boy who was orphaned and lived in New York. The boy saved all his pennies, worked very hard, and eventually became rich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone could【T3】 3in America if they were honest, worked hard, and showed 【T4】 4. No matter what your background, no matter where you were from, no matter if you had no money or no family, hard work and perseverance would always lead to success. Today, the message from Alger's novel is still a prevalent one in this country. It is still used to 【T5】 5. A very basic definition of the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have a better quality of life and【T6】 6 than their parents. This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financial security, or ownership of land or a home. However, ... The term "American dream" is widely used today. But what exactly does this concept mean? The term "American dream" began to be widely used【T1】 7. The term was used in a famous novel written by Horatio Alger. The novel, Ragged Dick, was a "【T2】 8" story about a little boy who was orphaned and lived in New York. The boy saved all his pennies, worked very hard, and eventually became rich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone could【T3】 9in America if they were honest, worked hard, and showed 【T4】 10. No matter what your background, no matter where you were from, no matter if you had no money or no family, hard work and perseverance would always lead to success. Today, the message from Alger's novel is still a prevalent one in this country. It is still used to 【T5】 11. A very basic definition of the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have a better quality of life and【T6】 12 than their parents. This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financial security, or ownership of land or a home. However, ... 【T1】

Time Management for College Students Time you spent in high school is totally different from that in college. It is a critical transition and is important for you to recognize that you are alone【T1】______【T1】______how you spend your time.I. Differences of time spent from high school1.【T2】______ time by yourself rather than others【T2】______2. having【T3】______ workloads【T3】______3. focusing on true【T4】______ of a subject【T4】______4. filling with conflicting【T5】______【T5】______II. Tips of time management1. using a【T6】______【T6】______benefits: a)add【T7】______ structures to your schedule【T7】______b)【T8】______ your schedule【T8】______2. planning your timea)reason: may not have enough time to accomplish all tasksb)give【T9】______ for each assignment【T9】______c)【T10】______ some time for study breaks【T10】______3.【T11】______ tasks: avoid over-committing your time【T11】______4. avoiding procrastinations and【T12】______【T12】______5.【T13】______ time management【T13】______a)take【T14】______ and be organized【T14】______b)do not【T15】______ from the schedule【T15】______

(1)Last month Hansen Transmissions International, a maker of gearboxes for wind turbines, was listed on the London Stock Exchange. Nothing noteworthy about that, you might say, despite me jump in the share price on the first day of trading and the handsome gain since: green technology is all the rage, is it not? But Hansen exemplifies another trend too, which should prove every bit as durable: the rise of multinational companies from emerging economies. Its parent is Suzlon, an Indian firm that began life as a textile manufacturer but is now among the world's five leading makers of wind turbines. Along the way, Suzlon has acquired not only Hansen, originally Belgian, but also REpower, a German wind-energy firm, spending over $2 billion on the pair. (2)The world is now replete with Suzlons: global companies from emerging economies buying businesses in rich countries as well as in poorer places. Another Indian company, Tata Motors, looks likely to add to the list soon, by buying two grand old names of British carmaking, Jaguar and Land Rover, from America's enfeebled Ford. As a symbol of a shift in economic power, this is hard to match. (3)Economic theory says that this should not happen. Richer countries should export capital to poorer ones, not the other way round. Economists have had to get used to seeing this turned on its head in recent years, as rich countries have run large current-account deficits and borrowed from China and other emerging economies(notably oil exporters)with huge surpluses. Similarly, foreign direct investment(FDI)—the buying of companies and the building of factories and offices abroad—should also flow from rich to poor, and with it managerial and entrepreneurial prowess. (4)It is not yet time to tear up the textbook on FDI. According to the UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD), in 2006 the flow of FDI into developing economies exceeded the outflow by more than $200 billion. But the transfer of finance and expertise is by no means all in one direction. Developing economies accounted for one-seventh of FDI outflows in 2006, most of it in the form of takeovers. Indian companies have done most to catch the eye, but firms from Brazil, China and Mexico, in industries from cement to consumer electronics and aircraft manufacture, have also gone global. Up to a point, emerging-market multinationals have been buying Western know-how. But they have been bringing managerial and entrepreneurial skill, as well as just money, to the companies they buy: British managers bear grudging witness to the financial flair of Mexican cement bosses; Boeing and Airbus may have learnt a thing or two from the global supply chains of Brazil's Embraer. (5)Perhaps no one should be surprised. Half a century ago, Japan was a poor country: today Sony and Toyota are among the best-known and mightiest companies on the planet. South Korea is still listed as developing country in UNCTAD's tables, but that seems bizarrely outdated for the homes of Samsung. Now another generation is forming. To its critics, globalisation may be little more than a licence for giant Western companies to colonise the emerging world, yet more and more firms from poorer economies are planting their flags in rich ground.

Universalization of education has been a policy priority, but it still remains an unfulfilled dream. As a consequence, the spread of secondary education is quite limited and higher education is available to a small percentage of the population. The country has,therefore, progressed very well in the field of technical education【M1】______both quantitatively and qualitatively. During recent times, Indiahas lain great stress on modernization and technological【M2】______advancement in education, and has contributed amazingly to high-skilled manpower in software and information technology. Despite our limited endeavours in other sphere of education,【M3】______India manages its own affairs on its own in almost allthe areas, and does not, in no way, depend on foreign expertise.【M4】______ On the other hand, it provides all kinds of manpower to other【M5】______countries. In terms of policy, India had continued with the colonial education system of the British rulers till about 1968, when the Government had announced its first National Education Policy,in which was in accordance with the requirements of the country,【M6】______but there was big gap between the policy and practice due to many【M7】______natural and man-made bottlenecks. Another National Policy on education was announced in 1986, which, amongst other things, emphasized qualitativeimprovement, essential in higher and technical education;【M8】______vocationalisation of secondary education; development of regionallanguages. This policy revised in 1992, and was in line with the【M9】______earlier policy, but it far added to the inconsistencies and【M10】______contradictions between the stated goals and actual policy, on the one hand, and between stated goals and resource allocation, on the other.

PASSAGE ONE

David Cameron has noticed that health and safety regulations stop schools taking children out on field trips, outdoor activities orjust collect autumn leaves down the local park. And the【M1】______Department for Children, Schools and Families is to issueguidelines about extra-curricular activities, with aiming to get【M2】______pupils out of classrooms and back into the real world. I suppose school-organized, adult-supervised activities arebetter than nothing. And they're really not good enough. Indeed,【M3】______excess health and safety measures at school are just the tip of the【M4】______risk aversion iceberg leaving increasing numbers of young people without the emotional resilience, social competence and personal confidence to thrive in our society. The Institute for PublicResearch, couple of years ago, found British youngsters at or near【M5】______the top of the European charts for almost every type of teenagemisconduct. Nothing is mightily wrong with childhood in Britain,【M6】______and after thirty years working with children and teachers(the lasteight years which were spent researching 'toxic childhood'), I【M7】______reckon my risk aversion—not just in schools but in every area of【M8】______life—is a major part of the problem. A combination of parental anxiety, community intoleranceand all-pervasive risk aversion now threaten the mental and【M9】______physical health of the next generation. This is becoming a matter【M10】______of urgency that we reclaim public space for our children and relearn skills that came naturally to our ancestors.

Getting employed is no longer an easy task for undergraduate students. That is why some have taken the initiative to work for free internship, to beat against the odds of finding a job. Some experts say this only does more harm than good to undergraduate students, because they are actually selling themselves short. The following article provides detailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 800 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. When Does Internship Become Labor Exploitation? As the "intern economy" grows, young adults, unions, and other workers are starting to ask: When does an internship stop being a mutually beneficial experience and start being free or cheap labor? So why are younger workers increasingly willing to work for free? Unemployment among workers 16 to 24 is over 20 percent. That's the official unemployment rate which means it's only accounting for young adults actively looking for work. It doesn't include folks who have given up. It gets worse. Youth unemployment has been exceptionally high since 2008. By your early 20s, most employers already expect you to have had some meaningful work experience. But what if the employment opportunities simply didn't exist for most of your adult life? It's important to realize that 21- to 25-year-olds out there have spent most of their adult lives in a crippling recession with very limited job opportunities. It shouldn't be too surprising that we'd see a growing number of twenty-somethings, and even older, willing to work for free just to gain work experience that may lead to employability. And that is what we're seeing. Internships can be exactly that: a means to gain real world, professional work experience and make contacts in a chosen industry. However, employers can also easily take advantage of this source of free work. Mikael Naramore, owner of Terrestrial Media, a media company in Muskegon, Michigan, has worked on both sides of the internship experience, as an intern and as an employer with an intern. "When I interned, I could dig in and explore my chosen career, learn on-the-job skills, and be exposed to top people in the field, which for me was way better than sitting in a classroom. I truly feel I'm the better for it." When talking about exploitation of interns, Naramore said, "The point of interning is exposure to a professional environment. Including the professionals! Without that experience, it's just good old fashioned exploitation. It goes too far in my opinion when there's no oversight and the internment period is open-ended." Some unions would agree with the comment about exploitation as they are turning their attention to the overuse of free labor, often from young workers eager to get into the workforce with their skills. Most notably, Huffington Post has been criticized for its widespread use of "interns" or unpaid writing and design staff. The U.S. Department of Labor has created a handy, informational page with updated rules and regulations regarding internships, particularly unpaid internships. This is useful for employers who want to make sure they are acting both ethically and legally. And, it's helpful for workers who want to protect their own interests.

{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbidthe practice of making ads loud than the programming. In addition,【S1】______television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowing【S2】______for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information, why do commercials sound so loud? The sensation of sound involves variety of factors in addition to【S3】______its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at create the impression of【S4】______loudness through their expert use of such factors. One majorcontributor of the perceived loudness of commercials is that much【S5】______less variation in sound level occur during a commercial. In regular【S6】______programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels. Another "tricks of the trade" are also used. Because low-【S7】______frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisersfilter out any noises in that may drown out the primary message. In【S8】______addition, the human voice has more auditory impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script in which lots of consonants are used, because peopleare most aware of consonants than vowel sounds. Finally,【S9】______advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highlydifferent from that of the programming within which the commercial【S10】______is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer's attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.

[此试题无题干]

PASSAGE THREE

An old Chinese saying goes that "He that travels far knows much." It implies that personal experience counts much. In contrast to this statement, however, a former president of Harvard University once wrote that "books... are the wisest of counselors..." Which is more important? The following are opinions of several netizens on this topic. Read the experts carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.moonlight-dream They are both important, but in my opinion I have to disagree a bit with that former president of Harvard University. I don't think that book knowledge is more important than experience. Yes it's very helpful to know all sort of stuff from books and there are tons of things you can learn by reading. But nothing compares to real experiences. It's great if you have knowledge about diverse stuff when you get to actually experience it. But if you just read all the time and never get to try anything it's not that exciting... I'm not saying it's a waste of time, but you should try applying what you read and try to live as much as possible. And also, people tend to understand more when they experience the actual thing described in the book. It's indeed helpful to see and try all the things you read about to get a clearer view on what it's referring to. Like in school... remember the physics class... (at least in my case) the teacher would talk and talk the whole hour about a certain effect, and it was a bit hard to understand what she meant, but when she showed us with a real machine, then I got a clearer perception on that theory and it was much easier to remember that way.reichiru Well, both are pretty important, but I would actually say that experience is more important. Take driving for example. You can read about all the scenarios that might occur while you're driving, but when actually thrown into the situation your mind would go totally blank and you would forget the proper way to handle the situation and perhaps make a critical error. Only experience can help you with something like that, because with experience you gain a faster reaction time and instinct to the things you have experienced before. Of course book knowledge is still very important, and learning how to balance and implement the two in your life would definitely be beneficial.runner0369 I believe that both are equally important. Too much of one is useless without the other. If you know everything about a subject but are unable to apply the knowledge because you do not have experience then you cannot do anything with your knowledge. On the other hand, if you have experience but do not know anything about a subject you cannot progress very far or improve upon your experience. Both are necessary to sustain success.Porcospino I think book knowledge outweighs the experience. When I went to nursing school we had to get a lot of book knowledge, and that knowledge is important because you need to know what to do and what to avoid. If you don't have any theoretical knowledge about nursing you might accidentally harm the patients, simply because you aren't aware of potential dangers etc. You need at least a basic knowledge about hygiene and similar things. And then put it into practice.

With the increasing demands of new medicines, animal testing is in widespread use all over the world. The morality behind this practice is still a matter of some controversy. The following are opinions from both sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Proponents A survey conducted in the American Medical Association indicates that 99% of all active physicians in the United States believe that animal research has given rise to medical advancements. In fact, about 97% of the physicians also supported the continuous use of animals for clinical and basic research. A British organization by the name Research Defense Society (RDS) that was instituted to defend animal testing, indicates that most of the complaints made against animal testing are false and that animal testing generates invaluable information, about how new drugs would react inside a living body. The tests have to be continued in order to detect information on major health problems such as liver damage, elevated blood pressure, nerve damage, damage to the fetus, etc., that can be caused by the use of drugs. Chris Abee, Director of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center's animal research facility, states that "we wouldn't have a vaccine for hepatitis B without chimpanzees," and says that the use of chimps is "our best hope" for finding a vaccine for Hepatitis C, a disease that kills 15,000 people every year in the United States. Animal testing has also been instrumental in saving endangered species from extinction, including the black-footed ferret, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil. Koalas, ravaged by an epidemic of sexually transmitted chlamydia and now classified as endangered in some regions of Australia, are being tested with new chlamydia vaccines that may stall the animal's disappearance.Opponents Several animal rights organizations, including the People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), have questioned the legitimacy of this practice wherein animals are subjected to torture in the name of "scientific research". Animal rights activists, along with animal lovers from across the world, are trying their best to get this inhumane practice outlawed. In March 2009, the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) found 338 possible violations of the Animal Welfare Act at the federally funded New Iberia Research Center (NIRC) in Louisiana. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports that 92 percent of the drugs, which are cleared after being successfully tested on animals fail when they are subjected to human trials. Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University, states that "it's very hard to create an animal model that even equates closely to what we're trying to achieve in the human." A 2013 study in Archives of Toxicology stated that "The low productivity of animal experiments in research areas allowing direct comparisons of mouse versus human data puts strong doubt on the usefulness of animal data as key technology to predict human safety".

Swans, noted for graceful movements in the water, have been the subject of many poetry, fairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.

Intercultural Learning Many teachers may wonder "what I am actually doing" sometimes. It doesn't seem enough to teach grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and communicative skills with unreal and meaningless content. I . Introduction—gap between language teaching in class and in the real world—【T1】______of intercultural awareness:【T1】______crucial to comprehend and communicate in the global village II. Definition of intercultural learningA. The concept of culture—including lifestyles,【T2】______, beliefs, history or experiences, etc.【T2】______—existing in one place or many places—existing in a religion with followers from different【T3】______【T3】______B. Interpretation of intercultural learning—a process of getting better understanding of cultures around the world —objective:to increase mutual【T4】______and understanding【T4】______-【T5】______:【T5】______not only a part of EFL, but applied in all fields of education III. Intercultural awareness—the【T6】______of language teaching rather than a "fifth skill": to【T6】______understand the relation between a second language/culture with thefirst one —a(n)【T7】______made up of a collection of skills and attitudes:【T7】______1)observing, identifying and recognizing2)【T8】______【T8】______3)negotiating meaning4)dealing with or tolerating【T9】______【T9】______5)effectively interpreting messages6)limiting the possibility of【T10】______【T10】______7)defending one's own point of view while acknowledging the legitimacy of others8)accepting difference-【T11】______:【T11】______—realizing the vital importance of these skills—using【T12】______themes as materials in teaching【T12】______IV. Teacher's role-【T13】______:【T13】______—to influence students in some way—to raise more awareness of the world —to interact better with the world —mediator of cultural relativity with various【T14】______【T14】______V. When should it be introduced?—accessible to【T15】______【T15】______

Now the next thing you must do when you listen is that you need to【T1】______ that the lecturer expects you to add. All lecturers assume that they share some information with their audience and that their audience does not need them to explain every word. And listeners have an ability to add this information due to two sources of information. That is, one, their knowledge of 【T2】______: and, two, their knowledge or experience of【T3】______. So remember listening is not a matter of just absorbing the speaker's words: the listener has to do 【T4】______ than that The listener is not a tape recorder, absorbing the speaker's words and putting them into his or her brain. Rather, listening involves hearing the speaker's words and【T5】______, adding information if necessary. So the meaning is not in the word alone, rather it is in the person who【T6】______ or responds to it so that the second thing that a listener must do—add information that the lecturer【T7】______.

When we speak to another individual or group, the distance our bodies are physically apart also communicates a message. Mostof us are unaware for the importance of space in communication until【S1】______we are confronting with someone who uses it differently. For【S2】______instance, we all have a sense of which is a comfortable interaction【S3】______distance to a person with whom we are speaking. If that person getscloser than the distance in which we are comfortable, we usually【S4】______automatically back up to reestablish our comfort zone. Similarly, if we feel that we are too far away from the person we are talking to,we likely to close the distance between us. If two speakers have【S5】______different comfortable interaction distances, a ballet of shifting positions usually occurs until one of the individuals is backed into acorner and feels threatened with what may be perceived【S6】______like hostile. As a result, the verbal message may not be listened to【S7】______or understood as it is intended.【S8】______ Comfort in interaction distance mostly has to do with the distance between faces that are looking directly at each other. Most people do not have the same feeling about physical closeness if theydo not have eyes contact. In a crowd or an elevator, people usually【S9】______choose to not to look at anyone in order to avoid feeling.【S10】______