Today women earn almost 60 percent of all bachelor's degrees and more than half of master's and Ph.D.'s. Many peoplebelieve that, as this may be good for women as income earners, it【M1】______foreshadows ill for their marital prospects. As Kate Bolick wrote in a much-discussed article in TheAtlantic last fall, American women face "a radical shrinking pool【M2】______of what are traditionally considered to be 'marriageable' men—those who are better educated and earn more than they do."Educated women worry that they are scaring potential partners,【M3】______and experts claim that those who do marry will end up withsatisfactory matches. They point to outdated studies suggesting【M4】______that women with high earnings than their husbands do more【M5】______housework to compensate for the threat to their mates' egos. Is this really the fate facing with educated women: either no【M6】______marriage at all or the marriage with more housework? Nonsense.【M7】______That may have been the case in the past, but no longer. By 1996,intelligence and education moved up to No. 5 on men's ranking of【M8】______desirable qualities in a mate. The desire for a good cook and housekeeper had dropped to 14th place, near the bottom of the 18-point scale. The sociologist Christine B. Whelan reports that by2008, men's interest in a woman's education had arisen to No. 4,【M9】______just after mutual attraction, dependent character and emotional【M10】______stability.

Today, I am going to identify some typical research problems and also share with you the solutions to these problems. The first problem is【T1】 1. Sometimes you spend a lot of time researching your subject, but cannot devise【T2】 2. You are doing a lot of preparatory work, reading or gathering information, but you are unable to focus your ideas or come up with a topic you think will be【T3】 3. In cases like this, you can try making a 【T4】 4of your notes, or try to extract from your information those aspects of your subject which interest you most Have a look at some other examples of research【T5】 5.Remember that you can change your chosen topic later if necessary. It's often better to make a start with something【T6】 6, rather than not make a start at all. The second problem is... Today, I am going to identify some typical research problems and also share with you the solutions to these problems. The first problem is【T1】 7. Sometimes you spend a lot of time researching your subject, but cannot devise【T2】 8. You are doing a lot of preparatory work, reading or gathering information, but you are unable to focus your ideas or come up with a topic you think will be【T3】 9. In cases like this, you can try making a 【T4】 10of your notes, or try to extract from your information those aspects of your subject which interest you most Have a look at some other examples of research【T5】 11.Remember that you can change your chosen topic later if necessary. It's often better to make a start with something【T6】 12, rather than not make a start at all. The second problem is... 【T1】

不知道我们这一生究竟要讲多少句话。如果有一种工具可以统计，像步行锻炼的人所带的计步器那样，我相信其结果必定是天文数字，其长可以绕地球几周，其密可以下大雨几场。具体情形当然因人而异。有人说话如参禅，能少说就少说，最好是不说，一切尽在不言中；有人说话如蝉鸣，并不一定要表达什么，只是无意识地做口腔运动而已。

进入青年期，他工作了，他恋爱了。

其实，日落的景象和日出同样壮观、绮丽，而且神秘、迷人。如果有机会观日落，它会使你神往：太阳静静地躺在西方地平线上，变得如此之大，颜色是那样深黄、殷红；它缓缓坠落，接近地平线时竟缩身变扁。 若天空有云，你会看见灿烂的晚霞；全天无云，不要忘记回头，你会发现背后的天空中现出神秘的蓝灰色暗弧，暗弧外面还镶有明显的亮弧。而在暗弧和亮弧上升的同时，西方天空还会出现迷人的紫光，随着太阳的坠落，紫光下移，接近地平线时才消失。可惜这种美丽的紫光并不多见。

双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番就各自走开。

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

1984年中英签订关于香港问题的联合声明时，撒切尔夫人任英国首相。她说，中国前国家领导人邓小平提出的“一国两制”方针是中英在香港问题上达成一致的关键。起初她并不认同这一方针是香港问题的解决之道。“我所想的是‘续约’(即继续英国在香港的统治)。但这不可能，于是我想到将邓小平先生的思想应用于我们的实情，这可以使香港保持其大部分的特色。”

(1)Oscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world's saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half-century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing. (2)Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80-hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun-loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany's engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks' paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two. (3)Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people's aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world's richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise? (4)Some explanations for America's time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost-cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less. (5)Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher-skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment—which is more or less where the argument began. (6)Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer. (7)None of these answers really explains why the century-long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere(though Britain shows signs of following America's lead). Perhaps cultural differences—the last refuge of the defeated economist—are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that "basic needs"—for a shower with built-in TV, for a rocket-propelled car—expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America's most popular pastimes. But it requires money—hence more work and less leisure. (8)Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.

There is undeniably a great deal of advertising currently which is aimed at children from toddlers to teenagers, promoting not only toys and sweets but also products such as food, drink, music, films and clothing. Increasingly this practice is coming under attack from parents' organizations, politicians and pressure groups in many countries. Some countries have currently imposed national restrictions. The following are opinions on the advertising towards children. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.James Rouse, lawmaker in the US Advertising specifically to children is unethical because they have little or no money of their own and have to persuade their parents to buy the products for them. Rather than advertising directly to parents, companies use this campaign that leads to hostility between parents and children. They rely on pester power to make adults spend money they don't have on things they don't want to buy, and which their children may well only play with for a few hours for example. Advertising which presents products to children as "must-have" is also socially divisive, making children whose parents cannot afford them appear inferior, and creating feelings of frustration and inadequacy, as well as leading families into debt.Natasha Smith, British journalist Advertising has no magical power to create unnatural desires for material possessions, Children who persistently nag are simply badly brought up. Poor parenting and undisciplined children cannot be solved by banning advertising, as children have many influences upon them which can stimulate their desires for toys, particularly their friends. It is also untrue that children have no spending power of their own; many children receive pocket money, and teenagers are often able to earn a little themselves. Learning to manage money is also an important part of growing up, advertisements help assist children to not only choose what they would like but also motivates them to save and subsequently to learn the true value of money.Robert Quinn, parent of a ten-year-old son, Australia Advertising aimed at children brings negative social consequences, as much of it is for food and drinks that are very unhealthy. It is estimated that in the US over $10 billion is spent annually advertising fast food towards children. Encouraging children to consume so much fatty, sugary and salty food is unethical because it creates obese, unhealthy youngsters, with bad eating habits that will be with them for life. Society also has to pay a high price in terms of the extra medical care such children will eventually require, so the government has a direct interest in preventing advertisements which contribute to this problem.James O'Barr, entrepreneur from the UK Children naturally like foods that are rich in fats, proteins and sugar, they give them the energy they need to play energetically and grow healthily. It is true that eating only such foods is bad for people, but this is a problem of bad parenting rather than the fault of advertising. To suggest that the eating habits, good or bad, stay with children throughout the rest of their lives is ridiculous, when children become adults they will for better or for worse make their own decisions. Also if advertising to children were banned then governments would not be able to use this means of promoting healthy eating, road safety, hygiene, and other socially useful messages.

生活开始变得复杂。然而，无论自己是否变得庸俗，变得伟大，盼头依然天天有：盼信件，盼稿件被采用，盼发奖金，盼某事有满意结果，盼一次聚会、一次旅行……人就在盼中找到了依托。 没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。人，得天天有点什么盼头，生活才不至于暗淡。有了盼头，会觉得太阳每天都是新的。不管是望梅止渴，还是画饼充饥，它都会激励你不停手中的桨，去追逐哪怕一星微小的火光。土地去掉水分，就成了沙漠；人没有了盼，还剩什么?小盼头支撑人的一天，大盼头支撑人的一生。人，是绝不能没有盼头的。

The conflict between economic development and environmental protection is constantly under public debate. Should developing countries prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction when the two are in conflict? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Seneca Environmental protection impacts our population's long-term future. If nations do not give priority to environmental protection, it could have terrible impacts on the world's population in the decades to come. We would no longer have the necessary resources to be able to support the human race, and the Earth would become an even more hazardous place to live due to global warming, stronger storms, increased pollution and toxins in the atmosphere and the like.Masterbutor Put yourself in their shoes. These people are poor, starving, and we impose these restrictions on them. As we have more wealth we can bare more of the burden. But it really wouldn't be that much of a problem if we wouldn't do things like subsidizing agriculture and destroying the ability of the Third World farmers to compete. If we do that and if we eliminate world hunger ( which is doable by a coordinated international effort, in some cases giving people food stamps or some equivalent would suffice since famines are rarely ever caused by the lack of food, it's lack of affordability) and help turn the developing economies into developed ones then we should demand they start cutting emissions.Juris Environment is paramount. Conflict between environmental protection and economic benefits happens. Activities like mining, logging, and the like are examples of such conflict. A country must either have the other, and it cannot have both at all time. But when that happens, environmental protection must prevail over economic benefits because the former once lost, it's lost forever. On the other hand, there are many activities aside from the above-mentioned that can help a country enjoy economic success. Ultimately, it is supposed to create more jobs for the indigenous people, and save the environment from destruction, deaths, and disaster.Cuttiepie3d All people have the right to live in a clean, safe environment. Yes, because the right to a clean and safe environment is an important and essential human right that should not be denied on the basis of race, class, ethnicity, or position in the global economic system. When resource extraction compromises this essential human right, it worsens the livelihood of people.Teie A developing nation should not give priority to environmental protection over resource extraction. The reality is that protecting the environment and resource extraction are not inherently diametrically opposed. Even a developing nation is able to temper resource extraction with environmental protection. Because most developing nations rely upon technology provided by companies and governments from more advanced nations, they are able to utilize these tools to accomplish this balanced objective.Duthes There should be a balance between however being overly concerned with the environmental effects of harvesting resources leads to higher costs and the use of foreign resources that are harvested at the same or even higher cost to the environment. In my opinion, very modest regulation on methods should be introduced and enforced, however, if there is no other way to obtain whatever material then there should be no negative repercussions from using a method of extraction that causes harm. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

Structure of the Canadian Government I . IntroductionA. Canadian government system being thought to imitate British system—Canada's government system being often called【T1】______democracy【T1】______—Canada having much in common with other【T2】______【T2】______B. Differences coexisting with similarities between Canadian and British systems—because Canada being a huge but【T3】______country【T3】______II. Official head —The【T4】______being the official head of the state【T4】______—Both being only【T5】______leaders【T5】______III. System of Government—Canada being a federation with each【T6】______having much power【T6】______—【T7】______being the government for the whole nation【T7】______—a combination of federalism with a British system—British system being preferred to American system mainly because thelatter being considered【T8】______【T8】______IV. ParliamentA. Two parts:—a lower house: the House of Commons —【T9】______: the Senate【T9】______B. MPs represent particular【T10】______【T10】______C. Electoral districts being determined by its population insteadof【T11】______【T11】______—disadvantage: a(n)【T12】______existing between densely-populated【T12】______provinces and sparsely-settled regions D. The Prime Minister—the most important person in Canadian government—the leader of the【T13】______in the parliament【T13】______—choosing the Cabinet, whose members are responsible for different areasE. The Senate being appointed by the【T14】______【T14】______—sharing more similarity with the【T15】______in the UK【T15】______—Senators more equally being chosen from each region

(1) Saints should always be judged guilty until they are proved innocent, but the tests that have to be applied to them are not, of course, the same in all cases. In Gandhi's case the questions on feels inclined to ask are: to what extent was Gandhi moved by vanity—by the consciousness of himself as a humble, naked old man, sitting on a praying mat and shaking empires by sheer spiritual power—and to what extent did he compromise his own principles by entering politics, which of their nature are inseparable from coercion and fraud? To give a definite answer one would have to study Gandhi's acts and writings in immense detail, for his whole life was a sort of pilgrimage in which every act was significant. But this partial autobiography, which ends in the nineteen-twenties, is strong evidence in his favor, all the more because it covers what he would have called the unregenerate part of 1 is life and reminds one that inside the saint, or near-saint, there was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman. (2) At about the time when the autobiography first appeared I remember reading its opening chapters in the ill-printed pages of some Indian newspaper. They made a good impression on me, which Gandhi himself at that time did not. The things that one associated with him—home-spun cloth, "soul forces" and vegetarianism—were unappealing. It was also apparent that the British were making use of him, or thought they were making use of him. Strictly speaking, as a Nationalist, he was an enemy, but since in every crisis he would exert himself to prevent violence—which, from the British point of view, meant preventing any effective action whatever—he could be regarded as "our man". In private this was sometimes cynically admitted. The attitude of the Indian millionaires was similar. Gandhi called upon them to repent, and naturally they preferred him to the Socialists and Communists who, given the chance, would actually have taken their money away. The British Conservatives only became really angry with him when, as in 1942, he was in effect turning his non-violence against a different conqueror. (3) But I could see even then that the British officials who spoke of him with a mixture of amusement and disapproval also genuinely liked and admired him, after a fashion. Nobody ever suggested that he was corrupt, or ambitious in any vulgar way, or that anything he did was actuated by fear or malice. In judging a man like Gandhi one seems instinctively to apply high standards, so that some of his virtues have passed almost unnoticed. For instance, it is clear even from the autobiography that his natural physical courage was quite outstanding: the manner of his death was a later illustration of this, for a public man who attached any value to his own skin would have been more adequately guarded. Again, he seems to have been quite free from that maniacal suspiciousness which, as E. M. Forster rightly says in A Passage to India, is the besetting Indian vice, as hypocrisy is the British vice. Although no doubt he was shrewd enough in detecting dishonesty, he seems wherever possible to have believed that other people were acting in good faith and had a better nature through which they could be approached. And though he came of a poor middle-class family, started life rather unfavorably, and was probably of unimpressive physical appearance, he was not afflicted by envy or by the feeling of inferiority. Color feeling when he first met it in its worst form in South Africa, seems rather to have astonished him. Even when he was fighting what was in effect a color war, he did not think of people in terms of race or status. The governor of a province, a cotton millionaire, a half-starved Dravidian coolie, a British private soldier were all equally human beings, to be approached in much the same way. (4) Written in short lengths for newspaper serialization, the autobiography is not a literary masterpiece, but it is the more impressive because of the commonplaceness of much of its material. It is well to be reminded that Gandhi started out with the normal ambitions of a young Indian student and only adopted his extremist opinions by degrees and, in some cases, rather unwillingly. There was a time, it is interesting to learn, when he wore a top hat, took dancing lessons, studied French and Latin, went up the Eiffel Tower and even tried to learn the violin—all this was the idea of assimilating European civilization as thoroughly as possible. He was not one of those saints who are marked out by their phenomenal piety from childhood onwards, nor one of the other kind who forsake the world after sensational debaucheries. He makes full confession of the misdeeds of his youth, but in fact there is not much to confess. (5) One feels that even after he had abandoned personal ambition he must have been a resourceful, energetic lawyer and a hard-headed political organizer, careful in keeping down expenses, an adroit handler of committees and an indefatigable chaser of subscriptions. His character was an extraordinarily mixed one, but there was almost nothing in it that you can put your finger on and call bad, and I believe that even Gandhi's worst enemies would admit that he was an interesting and unusual man who enriched the world simply by being alive. Whether he was also a lovable man, and whether his teachings can have much for those who do not accept the religious beliefs on which they are founded, I have never felt fully certain.

Every fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on strike. "I just couldn't get going in the morning," she says. "I'd get depressed and gain 10 poundsevery winter and lose it again in spring. " Then she read about【S1】______seasonal effective disorder, a form of depression that occurs in【S2】______the fall and winter, and she saw the light—literally. Every morning【S3】______now she turns in a specially constructed light box for half an hour【S4】______and sits in front of it to trick her brain into thinking she's still enjoying those long summer days. It seems to work. Krentz is not alone. Scientists estimate that 10 millionAmericans suffer seasonal depression and 25 million more develop【S5】______milder versions. But there's never been definitive proof which【S6】______treatment with very bright lights makes a difference. In all, it's hard【S7】______to do a double-blind test when the subjects can see for themselves whether or not the light is on. That's why nobody has ever separated the real effects of light therapy with placebo(安慰剂)effects.【S8】______ Until now, in three separate studies published last month, researchers report not only that light therapy works better than aplacebo and that treatment is usually more effective in the early【S9】______morning than in the evening. In two of the groups, the placeboproblem was resolved by telling patients what they were comparing【S10】______light boxes to a new anti-depressant device that emits negatively charged ions. The third used the timing of light therapy as the control.

[此试题无题干]

I'm quite negative that humor is the most comfortable and lovable quality. For humorous persons, if their gift is genuine and not a mere shine upon the surface, are always agreeable companies.

我仿佛看见这世间有一个极大、极复杂的网，大大小小的一切事物，都被牢结在这网中。所以当我想把握某一种事物的时候，总要牵动无数根线，带出无数别的事物来，使得本物不能独立而明晰地显现在我的眼前，因而永远不能看见世界的真相。大娘舅在大世界里，只将其与钱相连接的一根线剪断，已能得到满足而归来。所以我想找一把快剪刀，把这个网剪破，然后认识这个世界的真相。

What do you need to do in order to understand the lecture? Now there are four things that I'm going to talk about. The first thing is that you need to be aware of all of the【T1】 1 that carry meaning. You all know that words carry meaning. So you've got to be aware of the 【T2】 2, but there are【T3】 3. For one thing, you need to be aware of【T4】 4. Let me give you an example. "I went to the bar." "I went to the bar." It makes a difference. In the second example, I'm stressing the fact that【T5】 5and not someone else so that this means stress has some meaning. Now the next thing you might want to listen for is【T6】 6. For example, if I say "He came." "He came?" There are two different meanings. One is a【T7】 7, the other one is a【T8】 8. And another thing you need to listen for is【T9】 9. For instance, "Can you see, Mary?" VS "Can you see Mary?" da da DA da... da da da DA da. Those two mean something different. In the first one, they are talking【T10】 10 to Mary, while the second one means "Can you see Mary... over there?" What do you need to do in order to understand the lecture? Now there are four things that I'm going to talk about. The first thing is that you need to be aware of all of the【T1】 11 that carry meaning. You all know that words carry meaning. So you've got to be aware of the 【T2】 12, but there are【T3】 13. For one thing, you need to be aware of【T4】 14. Let me give you an example. "I went to the bar." "I went to the bar." It makes a difference. In the second example, I'm stressing the fact that【T5】 15and not someone else so that this means stress has some meaning. Now the next thing you might want to listen for is【T6】 16. For example, if I say "He came." "He came?" There are two different meanings. One is a【T7】 17, the other one is a【T8】 18. And another thing you need to listen for is【T9】 19. For instance, "Can you see, Mary?" VS "Can you see Mary?" da da DA da... da da da DA da. Those two mean something different. In the first one, they are talking【T10】 20 to Mary, while the second one means "Can you see Mary... over there?" 【T1】