这是一场科学领域的革命。

提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难……

江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。 住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你的身旁驰过，还带一身泥污回来。 记得六七年前初来上海读书，校里的功课特别忙，往往自修到午夜；那年偏又多雨，淅淅沥沥，打窗飘瓦，常常扰乱我看书的情绪。 我虽不像岂明老人那样额其斋日： “苦雨”，天天坐在里面嘘气，但也的确有些“深恶而痛绝之”的念头。

我读过一本译著中的一番话： 科学成就了一些伟大的改变，但却没能改变人生的基本事实。人类未能征服自然，只不过服从了自然，避免了一些可避免的困难，但没能除绝祸害。地震、飓风，以及类似的大骚动都提醒人们，宇宙还没有尽入自己的掌握。事实上，人类的苦难何止于天灾，还有人祸；何止于人祸，还有个人难以言状的不幸。尤其是个人不幸，即使在未来高度发达了的理想社会里，也会忠实地伴随着人生啊! 由此，自古而今的仁人志士都常怀忧国忧民之心。中国知识分子从屈原以来尽皆“哀民生之多艰”；中国之外的伯特兰.罗素也说过，三种单纯然而极其强烈的激情支配着他的一生。他说，那是对爱情的渴望，对知识的寻求，对人类苦难痛彻肺腑的怜悯。他说，爱情和知识把他向上导往天堂，但怜悯又总是把他带回人间。痛苦的呼喊在他们中反响、回荡。因为无助于人类，他说他感到痛苦。

人类文明迄今已经历了原始文明、农业文明和工业文明，目前，人类社会正处在由工业文明向生态文明的转型期。 工业文明是以经济快速发展、社会财富不断快速增长为标志，极大地满足人们对物质的需求。由于工业文明的快速发展，中国已成为世界制造业大国，随之而来的是资源的过度开采，特别是在科技水平不高的条件下，形成资源的高开采、高耗能、高排放、低产出。我国是一个资源相对贫穷的国家，无论是矿产资源、淡水资源、还是森林资源，人均拥有量远低于世界水平。资源的瓶颈直接约束着我国经济社会的可持续发展，倡导生态文明势在必行。

[此试题无题干]

It is estimated that China now has around 130 kinds of local languages, but 99 are used by fewer than 100,000 people, and 20 are used by less than 1,000 people. Most of them are disappearing from our map of language. So whether dialects should be allowed on air to preserve them? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.querist I think the main CCTV channels should remain in putonghua, but programmes can be shown in local dialects on local channels, ideally with subtitles or captioning available, especially in the case of news programming.Tyne While many people say that as a form of mass media, TV and radio broadcasters are obligated to take the lead in popularizing standard putonghua. It is not a move to oppress dialects; it is only to restrict irresponsible use of language in mass media such as slang, which is very unprofessional.maplerripple Apart from CCTV, all broadcasters should be commercially based. If people want programs in their own dialects and are willing to pay for them or companies are willing to buy commercials, why should the government intervene and lay down some crazy laws?PNP Putonghua is the national language of China, and it should be promoted everywhere, particularly on TV and the radio! It is the lingua franca, the language that everyone in China is supposed to understand, a powerful unifying force among a nation of diverse dialectic groups! Dialects are localized languages, not widely used throughout China, just confined to the various dialectic groups, hence they should not be promoted via the mass media, certainly not on TV or the radio, not even on local stations! All local stations must help promote the national language, putonghua! It is very annoying for most people to hear dialects on TV or the radio because they can't understand what is said, unless they belong to that dialectic group. The role of the mass media is to communicate important messages to people all over China; this would be defeated if dialects are popping up so often. Keep the dialects to the coffee shops, street markets, etc. , but not on TV or the radio. Another very important reason why only putonghua, and no dialects, should be allowed on air, is that it is the only language that most foreigners have learned before or after arriving in China, and this is the only language that can bridge the communication gap between them and the locals. Imagine how problematic it would be for a foreigner travelling through China; he has to learn each of those local dialects as he travels to different provinces, if putonghua is not used widely there! And by the way, this problem is not limited to foreigners only, even the Chinese face the same problem. A Chinese from Shandong traveling to Guangdong is not going to be able to understand the guy in Guangdong who speaks Cantonese instead of putonghua, and vice versa!I strongly urge that putonghua be promoted and used widely, for the benefit of all, both the locals and foreigners!ngajia Cantonese has 9 tones, not 6. By the linguists' rule: the more tones a language has, the more ancient it is; the most authentic Chinese dialect should be Cantonese. This could well be true as classical poems recited in Cantonese bring out both the spirit and soul, such as the poem Manjianghong composed by the great patriot general Yuefei, who has a temple built in his honor by Lake Xihu in Hangzhou.

Learning How to Learn I. Views on learningA. Learning is something so natural— we don't even【T1】______we're doing it【T1】______— we get caught up in the process of itB. The preconditions of how much one will learn— the absolute【T2】______: people have to learn【T2】______— the infinite【T3】______: people want to learn【T3】______II. The basic and overall【T4】______ to learning【T4】______A. choice of【T5】______【T5】______B.【T6】______【T6】______a)books, tapes and videosb)【T7】______: expert can help you to learn【T7】______C. actiona)【T8】______ of what people have learnt【T8】______b)misunderstanding: know everything before taking actionsD.【T9】______: the majority of learning occurs【T9】______a)acting as a filter to tell people what they have to get againb)showing them what they need to knowc)the【T10】______ of knowledge and experience【T10】______d)determining whether people really learn or not III. Other factors crucial to learningA. A【T11】______ attitude【T11】______— acknowledgment of the fact that one knows little— intention to learn—【T12】______【T12】______— gaining a lot of information about the subjectB. Listening— most people love to talk about what they are【T13】______【T13】______— you would learn a lot if you are truly listeningC.【T14】______【T14】______— not afraid of mixing up things when applying what one has learnt— pointing to an area of refinement— leading one to learning new things— emphasis on the choice of【T15】______【T15】______at the beginning of learning

Regarding the serious congestion in mega cities, authorities proposed that government should levy congestion fees on cars entering certain sections of their city areas. Naturally, this suggestion is quick to draw fire. The following are opinions on the effectiveness of charging congestion fees. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment on this practice. Car owners Mark Hough: The reason for good traffic volume in cities like Tokyo and Paris is not that they collect congestion fees, but rather improved planning. The government is obligated to provide the public with solutions. Car owners are already subject to a multitude of taxes like the fuel tax. The levying of congestion fees is therefore unjustifiable. Moreover, the experience of certain developed countries suggests that traffic congestion fees may cause roads to become even more crowded than before. Most of the collected fees are not spent on improving the traffic situation and road planning, but are rather embezzled as administrative expenses on other items. When it comes to the management of congestion, the market rule is by no means the only principle to follow. Gila Albert: Several major reasons exist for traffic congestion: underdeveloped public traffic systems, too many automobiles on the roads, and the concentration of central business districts. Therefore, to cope with congestion, rather than exclusively relying on charging congestion fees, other supplementary policies should be put in place. Cities are expanding while more and more families are coming to possess one or more cars. If the fees are collected, they will be the major contributors. Generally, when the price for a public product is to be raised, a hearing on the issue is held, so why has this not been the case in this instance? This new fee will affect most families in cities, hence it must be planned carefully. With important issues, decision makers must lend an ear to the public before a decision is made.Traffic Experts Shi Hongju: Big cities tend to act as a magnet for job hunters owing to job opportunities as well as the various forms of welfare benefits and modern conveniences they offer. Whether or not traffic congestion fees will really enable traffic to run more smoothly, however, is a disputable point. Examples of failed schemes involving price hikes can be seen everywhere: from relieving pressure on railway transportation networks by raising ticket prices to reducing the number of visitors to scenic areas by jacking up the price of admission. Rather than being functional, these measures could easily be interpreted as similarly exploitative. Jake McGoldrick: London has applied congestion fees in central areas since 2003, but this is no excuse for all other cities to follow suit. Traffic congestion is a multifaceted problem, and though the results of levying congestion fees in London have proven effective, blindly copying its model would be irresponsible. Be it congestion fees or license plate restrictions, car owners' legitimate rights and interests are being harmed. If measures to address traffic problems come at the expense of the public interest and fail to solve the underlying causes of the problem, they will be inevitably subject to doubt and criticism.

The Journey of Self Improvement I. Phases of the journey of self improvementA. The first phase: relying on【T1】 1, speakers, or tapes【T1】 2to tell you:1)You can do it2)Everything you need is【T2】 3 of you【T2】 4— This is the【T3】 5 for all self improvement【T3】 6— Everything hangs upon that simple factB. The second phase: absorbing knowledge【T4】 7【T4】 81)Starting to look for ways to achieve your goals— Gaining knowledge on【T5】 9, visualization,【T5】 10goal setting etc.— Each discovered method is【T6】 11 only for a while【T6】 122)Feeling overwhelmed with【T7】 13【T7】 14— There is so much to learn but so little time— There seems to be so many keys to successC. The third phase: putting the pieces of the puzzle【T8】 15【T8】 161)Realizing that【T9】 17 is linked to【T9】 18your power to shape reality.2)Realizing that your beliefs were acting like【T10】 19【T10】 20D. The fourth phase: realizing a(n)【T11】 21 to achievement【T11】 221)The cycle completes full circle— You come back to the first phase— But this time you are conscious of it2)Your【T12】 23 of this point reaches a deeper level【T12】 24that you couldn't feel before because— you are not hindered by formula— you are【T13】 25 by nature in its simplicity【T13】 26II. AdviceA. Starting to see how everything【T14】 27【T14】 28B. Realizing that there is no one key to【T15】 29【T15】 30 The Journey of Self Improvement I. Phases of the journey of self improvementA. The first phase: relying on【T1】 31, speakers, or tapes【T1】 32to tell you:1)You can do it2)Everything you need is【T2】 33 of you【T2】 34— This is the【T3】 35 for all self improvement【T3】 36— Everything hangs upon that simple factB. The second phase: absorbing knowledge【T4】 37【T4】 381)Starting to look for ways to achieve your goals— Gaining knowledge on【T5】 39, visualization,【T5】 40goal setting etc.— Each discovered method is【T6】 41 only for a while【T6】 422)Feeling overwhelmed with【T7】 43【T7】 44— There is so much to learn but so little time— There seems to be so many keys to successC. The third phase: putting the pieces of the puzzle【T8】 45【T8】 461)Realizing that【T9】 47 is linked to【T9】 48your power to shape reality.2)Realizing that your beliefs were acting like【T10】 49【T10】 50D. The fourth phase: realizing a(n)【T11】 51 to achievement【T11】 521)The cycle completes full circle— You come back to the first phase— But this time you are conscious of it2)Your【T12】 53 of this point reaches a deeper level【T12】 54that you couldn't feel before because— you are not hindered by formula— you are【T13】 55 by nature in its simplicity【T13】 56II. AdviceA. Starting to see how everything【T14】 57【T14】 58B. Realizing that there is no one key to【T15】 59【T15】 60

我又来到了这里，在一条寂静无人的山谷里独坐，看一只鸟落在水牛背上，举目四顾，看溪水在幽暗的斜树下潜涌而出，又在一片广阔的卵石滩上四分五裂，抖落出闪闪的光斑。 山里的色彩丰富而细腻，光是树绿，就有老树的里绿，又新枝的翠绿和碧绿，相间相叠，远非一个绿字了得。再细看的话，绿中其实有黄，有蓝，有灰，有红，有黑，有透明。

中国民族自古以来从不把人看做高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小：因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。 并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫里哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

PASSAGE THREE

Passage Four

Cross-Cultural CommunicationMulticulturalism is a reality in North America. It is, therefore, important to know how to bridge cultural differences in our communications. Here are some of the tips to help with the cross-cultural communication.I. Don't expect cultures are the sameII. South Texas customs— Stand at a(n)【T1】_____ angle【T1】______— Eyes are cast down to or out across【T2】_____【T2】______— Say "Pleased to know you"— Don't【T3】_____ with women【T3】______— San Antonio: women have haute hugIII. Bow— Cambodia and Laos: bow as if they are【T4】_____【T4】______— Japan: the deeper you bow, the more【T5】_____ you are【T5】______— Korea: prefer bowing to handshaking— Thai: bow with【T6】_____ together【T6】______IV. Hugging— People from Hawaii, Greece and【T7】_____ greet by hugging【T7】______V. Kiss— Cuba: kissing means approval— Middle east: shake hands before they exchange kisses on cheeks;Don't shake hands with women unless she【T8】_____to you【T8】______— People from Eastern Europe, Portugal, Spain and Italy often kiss male friends on the cheekVI. Postures Middle East:— Sitting with your legs crossed is【T9】_____【T9】______— To show someone the sole is to【T10】_____【T10】______VII. Handshaking— Most of the world does not greet by shaking hands— Britain: brief but【T11】_____ handshake【T11】______— France: light grip, a single and quick handshake— Germany: one firm pump then【T12】_____【T12】______— Germany and France: more than one handshake means【T13】_____【T13】______VIII. Mirroring gestures— Begin with【T14】______【T14】______— Wait and mirror other party's gesture— When in doubt, you'd better be【T15】_____【T15】______— Don't assume others follow their traditional greetings

In the rapid process of urbanization in China, many cultural relics have been torn down to make room for high-rise buildings. Some people think that this leads to social progress and increasing living standard. Some argue that the cultural essence of China is rooted out, with the depletion of the historical sites. The following news report introduces a dispute over this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment on whether cultural relics should give way to urban development. Historic Buildings Threatened The Republic of China era (1911-1949) buildings have become the focus of dispute in Nanjing, capital of East China's Jiangsu Province. "Architecture from the period has a high profile, the buildings possess high academic and historic value, and their demolition is truly unwise," said Zhang Hong, an architecture professor from Southeast University (SEU). During the 1911-1949 period, Nanjing was China's capital city, and site of some of the era's most ambitious architectural projects. According to a group of architecture experts from SEU, who have banded together to protect the city's heritage, many buildings from the period have already been torn down to make way for urban construction. Starting in 1988, the group has listed more than 200 buildings of significant historic, architectural and cultural value. More than 40 have already been lost. According to Zhang, buildings from the time represent the transitional period of contemporary Chinese architecture, shifting gradually from a pure Western style to a combination of both Western and traditional Chinese styles. Zhang Yan, another architecture expert, says that because of Nanjing's central location, there is a mix of both northern and southern architectural styles. The public's view on the preservation of the buildings is not so clear. Wang Huisheng, a 74-year-old local resident, is a strong advocate of protecting the architecture he grew up with. "These buildings are an irreplaceable record of that period of history," said Wang. His grandson, Wang Qiang, disagrees. "Those old buildings, usually in commercial districts, should give way to urban development which is crucial to the improvement of our daily lives," said Wang junior. "I don't think they have much historical importance compared with other relics from ancient dynasties." The local municipal government has shown some commitment to protecting the buildings. More than 500 million yuan has been invested in preserving the buildings since 2000 with 134 designated provincial-level protected cultural relics, including Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum and the Presidential Palace. But this is just a drop in the ocean for a city with more than 1,000 buildings from the relevant period. "The majority of buildings cannot be included on the protection list and have not received enough protection. Often, buildings are removed by real estate companies without notifying the government," said a member of staff, surnamed Wu, from the city's Urban Planning Bureau. But, according to Wu, the bureau is working on a detailed record of all the remaining 1,000-plus buildings from the 1911-1949 period, including those of former foreign embassies and the residences of then celebrities. The bureau is calling for joint protection efforts from individuals, non-government organizations and relevant departments of the local government.

Just like other nations in the world, China has been entering an aging era demographically. How serious is this problem and what can we do to tackle it? Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Aging Liu Caiping is a former teacher, now 71, who has lived alone in Xi'an since her husband died last year. The radio is her steadfast companion. Her eyesight is failing and she rarely goes out. Like many city residents, her former neighbors have scattered, and her two daughters are far away. When she can no longer cope on her own she will go to a nursing home, she says. That option remains extremely rare for old Chinese. And that highlights the problem: China is struggling to cope with a rapidly aging society and a rising number of elderly people living by themselves. For most of the past two millennia the family has been central to how Chinese have seen themselves—and the state has been seen as a family writ large. Filial piety was somewhere near the heart of a Confucian order regulating society, and the family was an extended, stable unit of several generations under one roof. A very common saying encapsulated it all: yang er fang lao—" raise children for your old age. Today multi-generation families are still the norm. Almost three-fifths of people over 65 live with their children, a higher proportion than in most rich countries. Yet things are changing fast. Increasingly, parents are living apart from their children—and when one spouse dies, as with Ms. Liu, the other often lives alone. A fifth of all single-person households in China are made up of over-65-year-olds. In contrast to younger Chinese living alone, few elderly do so by choice. Many are poorly educated. Women predominate, because they tend to outlive their husbands. China is unprepared for the consequences of solo dwelling among the elderly. Government policy enshrines the idea that families should live together and provide for the old and others unable to look after themselves. Despite efforts to extend pensions and other social protection, provisions fall far short because the state assumes offspring will help the old and sick. The welfare system is ill-equipped to help the elderly living alone. State financial support has improved in the past decade, but many millions of elderly Chinese still have no pension or retirement income. Health insurance is increasingly widespread, but usually covers only the basics. Rural areas lag far behind cities in the provision of pensions and health care for the old. By 2025 nearly one in four Chinese will be over 60. China's one-child policy has made a mockery of yang er fang lao—fewer among the younger generation are around for the old to move in with, a trend reinforced by starting families later. By 2050 there are likely to be just 2.5 working-age adults for every person over 65, down from eight today. Chinese born in the boondocks who migrate to far-off cities in search of work cannot easily take older family members with them even if they want to. Despite the challenges, many in China still regard responsibility towards their family as a defining feature of their culture. Not much difference with other countries there. But the expectation of filial piety means that those who are not recipients of it often feel ashamed or isolated. Many are reluctant to seek help of neighbors when they need it, for instance. The government acknowledges the problem. When it relaxed the one-child policy, one reason it cited was a growing number of elderly singletons. Some enterprising local governments have introduced schemes aimed at the lonely old. But with a weak social-safety net, little support is in place when families fail to help those living alone. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

阳台上的那盆 昙花 (epiphyllum)已冒出了小小的花苞，于是我留心期待着一个花开的夜晚。每回浇花的时候都叮咛自己可别错过了。但是一忙起来竟然真的错过了!待到第二天清晨倏地想起，急急推门出户，那已经绽放过的花朵，一如垂头敛翼的凤凰，倦然冷冷的不见一丝神采。想昨夜留它独自在漆黑的露台上，凄清寂寞地灿灿烂烂，我心中涌现满满的痛惜与歉疚——我岂止错过，分明是辜负了!

PASSAGE ONE

He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards.