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There are more drugs dispensed for pain than for any other disease on this planet. Drug companies enjoy earning huge profits from people suffering with chronic pain. Pain management clinicsflourish throughout the world. Most conventional medicine【M1】______prescribed for pain addresses a contemporary symptom removal(if【M2】______you are lucky)rather than curing the cause of the pain. There are many "pain management" drugs and techniques. Most of these willdry up to your savings and at the end of the day you will still suffer【M3】______from pain. This is not the worst part, but rather what your liver, kidneys【M4】______and other organic eventually become poisoned by long-term use of【M5】______synthetic drugs that is the most devastating to your health. Paindrugs are also addicted which will eventually cause other diseases.【M6】______Useful pain management techniques, whether they involve【M7】______poisonous drugs, pulsating your body parts with low voltage, rubbing your skin or using other inventions, only postpone the agony while the disease behind it will continue thriving. Many smart philosophers mention that the best way to keep young and healthy is to put food in your mouth that is healing: e.g.treat your food as your medicine while your medicine as your【M8】______food. People following this simple prescription live to be good into【M9】______their nineties or even hundreds and they feel thirty to fifty yearsyounger than they really are. Cultures follow this principle have【M10】______some of the healthiest seniors around.

By studying geometry, students can learn what to develop logical arguments through deductive reasoning.

Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal CommunicationsI. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour— Low-context cultures think【T1】_____ is more important【T1】______— High-context cultures think【T2】_____【T2】______II.【T3】_____【T3】______— America: women show fear, not anger; men show anger, not fear— China & Japan:【T4】_____ are unacceptable to show overtly【T4】______— A smile of a Japanese person does not necessarily mean【T5】_____【T5】______— To understand the cultural【T6】_____ and values【T6】______will help interpret expressed emotionsIII. Facial expression— Commonalitiesa)【T7】_____ expressions: a lack of control【T7】______b)Too much smiling:【T8】_____【T8】______— Differences:a)Asian cultures:【T9】_____ facial expression【T9】______b)Mediterranean cultures:【T10】_____ grief or sadness【T10】______c)American culture: men hide grief or sorrowIV. Proxemics— North Americans prefer【T11】_____ personal spaces than Europeans【T11】______— People who prefer closer spaces might see the attemptto create more space as cold, condescending or【T12】_____【T12】______— Americans and Canadians feel【T13】_____【T13】______to rearrange furniture for a meeting— Germans don't agree with thatV. 【T14】______【T14】______— America: take standing in lines seriously— French:【T15】_____【T15】______— Armenia one member of a family saves spots in a line for several others

Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village together.

区别于其他形式的校园暴力，霸凌行为通常并不会造成严重的一次性肢体伤害，但却往往会给受害人带来持久性隐形创伤。如果没有受到专业的心理引导，受害者有可能转变为报复社会的人，进而从受害者转变为施暴者，将自己的遭遇原封不动或放大百倍地转嫁到他人身上。美国相关机构的统计显示，在过去25年的37起校园枪击案中，有三分之二的攻击者都曾是校园暴力或校园霸凌的受害者。

Because of the rising cost of fuel, scientists are building automobile engines who will conserve gasoline but still run smoothly.

Passage Four

年轻人到纽约别只在夜店贪玩，只去百老汇看戏。可以找一个短期课程，纽约大学有各种不给学位的短期课程，可以在那里学英文、交朋友。纽约附近常有短期出租公寓，租一个小房间，一个月、两个月皆可。房东可能是当地艺术家，和他们聊天，看他们追求艺术梦，白天创作，傍晚当苦力工作至深夜。没有人会在黑夜里哭泣，因为他们清楚地知道，一切辛苦是为了圆自己的梦。

(1)It is mid-September, the heat is just leaking out of the end of summer, and Japan is enjoying a rare public holiday. A holiday, that is, in the uniquely Japanese sense of the word, which means the GPS hardwired into every citizen is sending thousands upon thousands to the same fashionable boutiques near my home in Tokyo to shop. It is more crowded than a commuter train at rush hour. Policemen shepherd the multitude along the streets with flashing orange batons. Yet there is something peaceful about the way the Japanese drift together in a crowd; they carry a tiny aura of personal space with them, no bigger than one of their Louis Vuitton handbags, and every bit as precious. They hardly touch, like those shoals of translucent fish that dart from one direction to another without colliding. The policemen use their batons like conductors, keeping everything harmonious. But if you try to defy them, those batons will block your way faster than they can say "Dame desu"—which is about as final as "Not on your life." (2)Such are the means by which order and harmony are maintained in Japan. There is a deep-rooted respect for others, so ingrained that ground staff at Narita airport bow to departing planes as they taxi to the runway. And there is a subtle coercion, like an invisible hand on society's collar, based on centuries of ancestor worship that has made many customs immutable. The attitudes have been shaped partly by the physical landscape of Japan, which packs one of the most crowded populations on earth onto narrow plains, bounded by sea and inhospitable mountains. For centuries the main activity has been rice farming, which requires communal planting, weeding, watering and harvesting, rather than the rugged individualism of American and European agriculture. (3)I have been captivated by life here since I arrived a year ago, floating on a wave of adoration of most things Japanese, yet getting in everyone's way and doing everything wrong. I would jog around the Imperial Palace in a clockwise direction, only to find everyone else running anti-clockwise, bearing down on me as if I didn't exist. I wore short sleeves in early autumn, and couldn't work out why, when it was still blazing hot outside, everyone had put on their jackets and ties again. After swimming with dolphins on the island of Mikurajima this summer, my family and I went to a cafe to have lunch, still in our damp bathing costumes. Our hostess was so livid that at first I thought we must have set the place alight, not left a few damp seats where our bottoms had been. Living as a foreigner in Japan, for all its attractions, has many such small humiliations. You may be on a noble quest to plumb the depths of the Japanese soul, but you will take so many wrong turns you end up wondering whether you are indeed too brutish to make sense of it. (4)You may also be struck by how few of the locals have a matching interest in you and your culture. That is because it increasingly seems as if the outside world—with its sharper elbows, fattier food and shoddy dress sense—is kept at arm's length. Fewer young Japanese are travelling abroad, fewer are studying English, and fewer are taking places at leading academic institutions overseas such as Harvard Business School. Bosses at Japan's legendary export businesses complain they cannot find youngsters who are prepared to work abroad. Two clever young Japanese friends, just posted to excellent jobs in America, told me that Japan is so comfortable they find it hard to leave. (5)Yet as those friends are the first to admit, it is a cotton-wool comfort that keeps out alien germs—like the surgical facemasks that many Japanese wear, so at odds with the rest of their perfect dress. To the outsider, it can lend the society an air of feeble vulnerability. At times it is downright maddening. Foreign ATM cards don't work in most Japanese banks, Japanese movies—even the classics—rented at the ubiquitous Tsutaya video store don't offer the option of foreign-language subtitles. Japanese mobile-phone technology is so unusual that analysts talk of "the Galapagos effect", because it has grown up in a unique eco-system that makes it unsuitable for use anywhere else.

There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective. Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "【T1】______", not your view from an airplane! —aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects【T2】______, especially distant things. I won't try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that【T3】______ attempt to reproduce carefully. And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner's landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see. The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get. A classic example of this is the way we perceive【T4】______or a line of telephone poles running away from us. They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "【T5】______". This effect happens whenever there are【T6】______, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles.

都十点钟了。起床了，懒虫!

沙漠里真有魔鬼吗?在那时人们的知识水平看起来，确像是有魔鬼在作怪。但是人们掌握了自然规律以后，便可把这种光怪陆离的现象说清楚。这种现象在大戈壁夏天中午是常见的。当人们旅行得渴不可耐的时候，忽然看见一个很大的湖，里面蓄着碧蓝的清水，看来并不很远。当人们欢天喜地向大湖奔去的时候，这蔚蓝的湖却总有那么一个距离，所谓“可望而不可即”。 阿拉伯人是对沙漠广有经验的民族，阿拉伯语中称这一现象为“魔鬼的海”。

Jackie Mclean's recordings have shown that he is one of the few jazz musicians who style of playing has kept pace with the evolution of modern jazz.

(1)Think of the solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native Alaska, at 89. She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people as a mother-tongue. Or imagine Ned Mandrell, who died in 1974 — he was the last native speaker of Manx, similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic. Both these people had the comfort of being surrounded, some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn whatever they could of a vanishing tongue. In remote parts of the world, dozens more people are on the point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be recorded or reconstructed. (2)Does it matter? Plenty of languages — among them Akkadian, Etruscan, Tangut and Chibcha — have gone the way of the dodo, without causing much trouble to the descendants. Should anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues — from Manchu(spoken in China)to Hua(Botswana)and Gwich'in(Alaska)— are in danger of suffering a similar fate? (3)Compared with groups who lobby to save animals or trees, campaigners who lobby to preserve languages are themselves a rare breed. But they are trying both to mitigate and publicize an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are vanishing. Of some 6,900 tongues spoken in the world today, some 50% to 90% could be gone by the end of the century. In Africa, at least 300 languages are in near-term danger, and 200 more have died recently or are on the verge of death. Some 145 languages are threatened in East and South-east Asia. (4)Some languages, even robust ones, face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent on imposing a majority tongue. A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon realised that whatever you spoke at home, mastering Russian was the key to success. (5)Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless tactics. In years past, Americans, Canadians and Australians took native children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language. (6)But in an age of mass communications, the threats to linguistic diversity are less ruthless and more spontaneous. Parents stop using traditional tongues, thinking it will be better for their children to grow up using a dominant language(such as Swahili in East Africa)or a global one(such as English, Mandarin or Spanish). And even if parents try to keep the old speech alive, their efforts can be doomed by films and computer games. (7)The result is a growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders. A book edited by Peter Austin, an Australian linguist, gives some examples: Njerep, one of 31 endangered languages counted in Cameroon, reportedly has only four speakers left, all over 60. The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for linguists in search of unusual syntax, but Ubykh, one of the region's baffling tongues, officially expired in 1992.

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这世上有些东西，最好别看透，留几分神秘，留一点朦胧，留一丝悬念，可能会更有意思些。 魔术，如果让观众看透了手法，知道了诀窍，这门艺术也就寿终正寝了；变脸，正因为迄今为止大伙都没有看透其技术真相，才能屡演屡新，大受欢迎，成为国粹。 交朋友，各有目的：或为友谊，志同道合；或为利益，互相利用；或为酒肉，吃喝玩乐——都能好得如兄弟一般。但如果以鹰隼般犀利的眼神，看透每一个朋友的交友动机，你可能就成了孤家寡人，“人至察则无徒”。当然，也不能糊涂到朋友把你卖了，你还替他数钱。

Some people suggest that universities should consider awarding more vocational courses to prepare graduates for work. However, some disagree, arguing that the purpose of university is to open up students' mind, not to train them. Should there be more vocational courses in colleges? The following are opinions from two sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Parents Barry: My son started a degree course at the local university, but because of his dyslexia eventually graduated with an HND, effectively the practical part of the degree. He currently works in the construction industry and earns much more than several of his co-students who obtained degrees in less necessary disciplines. My comments are not to undermine the value of a good degree. I worked with many degree holders who were very good at their work. It is simply to point out to us that the world needs relevant skills. Lord Digby Jones points out the danger of unfocused degrees, and the simple fact that there are more skills in the world than those obtained from a university. Philips: Yes they should. I see many college graduates could not find a job. Though they have some fancy college degrees, they don't have the vocational skills that are required to do a certain job. After all, many courses have a vocational element, eg: medicine, teaching, vets etc. So why not others? To an extent though, we will have to change snobbish attitudes. Some degrees such as History, English Literature, PPE are considered good but degrees such as Golf Management, Computer Games Design are considered bad. This would encourage schools to advise on vocational courses as an option for their students rather than suggesting them opting for a course that looks good on the university entry statistics. Jacob: There should be many more vocational courses, but they shouldn't be at universities. The conventional university approach is not suitable for vocational training. You end up with an institution which combines the weaknesses of both universities and vocational training colleges, and has the strengths of neither.University faculty Mr. Anderson: Universities should be offering academic courses, training people to think logically and coherently, and teaching research skills. Vocational courses are the domain of technical colleges. Rachel: Vocational training is better done by employers or specialised colleges, because by its nature it is often very specialised. The universities can contribute most effectively by teaching knowledge of general applicability such as mathematics, languages and science. This was the traditional approach of universities, with exceptions in the cases of law and medicine, which tend to operate as separate schools anyway, with a lot of on the job training. Back in the early 1980's Keith Joseph as Mrs. Thatcher's education secretary of the state, forced the universities to move in the direction that Digby Jones is advocating, that is to offer more vocational courses. This distracted universities from their special role in scholarship and research. It may not be a coincidence that the decline of the UK from the leading position it previously had in the traditional fields accelerated from that time on. I suggest that we should let the universities revert to their traditional role, and then set up training colleges, or whatever, for the specialised skills required by industry. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

(1) Frederic Chopin was born in Zelazowa Wola, Poland, or February 22, 1810, to a French father and Polish mother. His father, Nicholas Chopin, was a French tutor to many aristocratic Polish families, later accepting a position as a French teacher at the Warsaw Lyceum. (2) Although Chopin later attended the Lyceum where his father taught, his early training began at home. This included receiving piano lessons from his mother By the age of six, Chopin was creating original pieces, showing innate prodigious musical ability. His parents arranged for the young Chopin to take piano instruction from Wojciech Zywny. (3) When Chopin was sixteen, he attended the Warsaw Conservatory of Music, directed by composer Joseph Eisner. Eisner, like Zywny, insisted on the traditional training associated with Classical music but allowed his students to investigate the more original imaginations of the Romantic style as well. (4) As often happened with the young musicians of both the Classical and Romantic Periods, Chopin was sent to Vienna, the unquestioned center of music for that day. He gave piano concerts and then arranged to have his pieces published by a Viennese publishing house there. While Chopin was in Austria, Poland and Russia faced off in the apparent beginnings of war. He returned to Warsaw to get his things in preparation of a more permanent move. While there, his friends gave him a silver goblet filled with Polish soil. He kept it always, as he was never able to return to his beloved Poland. (5) French by heritage, and desirous of finding musical acceptance from a less traditional audience than that of Vienna, Chopin ventured to Paris. Interestingly, other young musicians had assembled in the city of fashion with the very same hope. Chopin joined Franz Liszt, Hector Berlioz, Vincenzo Bellini, all proponents of the "new" Romantic style. (6) Although Chopin did play in the large concert halls on occasion, he felt most at home in private settings, enjoying the social milieu that accompanied concerts for the wealthy. He also enjoyed teaching, as this caused him less stress than performing. Chopin did not feel that his delicate technique and intricate melodies were as suited to the grandiose hall as they were to smaller environments and audiences. (7) News of the war in Poland inspired Chopin to write many sad musical pieces expressing his grief for "his" Poland. Among these was the famous "Revolutionary Etude." Plagued by poor health as well as his homesickness, Chopin found solace in summer visits to the country. Here, his most complex yet harmonic creations found their way to the brilliant composer's hand. The "Fantasia in F Minor," the "Barcarolle," the "Polonaise Fantasia," "Ballade in A Flat Major," "Ballade in F Minor," and "Sonata in B Minor" were all products of the relaxed time Chopin enjoyed in the country. (8) As the war continued in Warsaw and then reached Paris, Chopin retired to Scotland with friends. Although he was far beyond the reach of the revolution, his melancholy attitude did not improve and he sank deeper into a depression. Likewise, his health did not rejuvenate either. A window in the fighting made it possible for Chopin to return to Paris as his health deteriorated further. Surrounded by those that he loved, Frederic Francois Chopin died at the age of 39. He was buried in Paris. (9) Chopin's last request was that the Polish soil in the silver goblet be sprinkled over his grave.

我们可以借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。