今年上市的苹果品种格外地多，我独爱皮儿青青、似乎尚未熟透的那种。周末和女友逛水果店，她挑最红最大的买，生怕春色不够似的；我则逗留在顶边上的柜台，那儿不起眼地堆着我一个冬天未见的青苹果。相争不下，索性各按自己的偏好买了一网兜，都很不服气的样子，暗笑对方不会享受真正的生活。 小时候吃苹果，我也爱挑红润的，因其意味着成熟，而熟透的水果必然甜美爽口。年岁渐增，熟悉了生活中诸般滋味之后，反倒偏爱上青苹果的那种清甜——带着点酸涩的甜、饱含水分的甜，咬一口有清脆的声响。也许，成熟、甜蜜乃至完美，并非生命的终极意义，更重要的倒是向这一目标趋近过程中万般况味的体验；唇齿之间的那一分青涩在不断转变着，反倒显得生动、真实。正如稚齿孩童可能认定糖果是世界上最好的东西，成人之后反而学会并且喜好品味茶或咖啡——其底蕴更切近于生活的本质。

The Skills Required to Get a JobI. Academic skills:【T1】______【T1】______1. Communication skills— Understand and speak the languages in【T2】______【T2】______— Be【T3】______【T3】______— Read written materials—【T4】______【T4】______2. Thinking skills— Think【T5】______ and act logically【T5】______e.g. technology, physical science, the arts, skilled trades, social science, etc.3. Learning skillse.g. learn to use【T6】______ after a few tutorials【T6】______II. Personal【T7】______skills: combination of attitudes, skills and behaviors【T7】______1. Positive attitudes and behaviors— Have【T8】______ and confidence【T8】______— Be honest, have integrity and【T9】______【T9】______— Have positive attitudes toward work, learning, etc.— Be energetic and【T10】______【T10】______2. Responsibility— Set goals and priorities— Plan and manage time, money, etc.3. Adaptability— Have a positive attitude toward【T11】______ in the job【T11】______III. Teamwork skills: skills to【T12】______ co-operatively【T12】______1. Importance of teamwork— Bring more resources to the problem situation— Be more【T13】______ and morale boosting than individual work【T13】______2. How to improve teamwork skills— Involved in the group— Be【T14】______ and listen to others【T14】______— Be a leader rather than a(n)【T15】______【T15】______

The days when journalism was limited to obtaining press briefings and writing first hand account of happenings in the【M1】______surrounding world are definitely over. Also over is the simplistic interview journalism you published question answers from【M2】______interviews with dignity. Your well-researched articles, picking【M3】______facts and figures from scores of reports, publications, papers etc. is also a done thing now. If you are privy to information that others【M4】______do not have your chances of becoming a successful journalist are poor. There was a time that journalists and media did not indulge in【M5】______expressing opinions connected with the news stories. They would simply put the facts before the people and let people to arrive at【M6】______their own conclusions. This is true no more. Now apart from bringing breaking news, the media openly engages itself in expressing views and opinions neither for or against it. In recent【M7】______times, they not only exposed various scandals but also made the【M8】______public feel strongly about it. Even public opinion building by the media was acceptable but now it has crossed over to yet other domain, in finding out to what extent a given person was guilty of misconduct and the kind of punishment he/she deserved. So before any law enforcing agencyor court of law comes to some decision in a given case, the media【M9】______is ready with its conclusions. This role of media is pestering many including the government and the other day the prime minister had to say that media was now functioning all of one as accuser,【M10】______prosecutor and judge.

The Difference between Spoken and Written EnglishI. Definition of speech and writingtwo different【T1】______methods of communication【T1】______—speech: the【T2】______of transmission of language【T2】______—writing: marking a surface with wordsII. Necessity of knowing the difference—acquire language skills【T3】______and completely【T3】______—learner aspires to grip and commandIII. Differences between spoken and written English —physical difference—【T4】______substance: medium used in speech【T4】______—graphic substance: hand creating marks on a surface—difference in the use of【T5】______【T5】______—degree of formality: spoken English is less formal-no【T6】______【T6】______—no role of spelling—【T7】______the rules of grammar【T7】______—speakers make efforts to learn correct【T8】______【T8】______—features of speech:【T9】______, active and not last long【T9】______—no time lag between production and reception—no time for【T10】______【T10】______.______—contain loudness, tempo, rhythm, intonations and pauses—aided by【T11】______and gestures【T11】______—difficulty in learning: written English is easier—do not come with an accent—take better advantage of【T12】______than of accent【T12】______—reasonably simple to masterIV. Tips for language learner—pay heed to both forms【T13】______【T13】______—【T14】______the language【T14】______—【T15】______all the important aspects【T15】______

Two Cultural DimensionsCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. There are four cultural dimensions as defined in Hofstede's research, two of which are talked about.I. Power Distance Definition: the extent to which subordinates can【T1】_____ with【T1】______bosses or managers Oriental Culture: high power distanceA "Power-oriented culture": superiors are entitled more【T2】_____【T2】______— Typical countries: Malaysia, Japan, China and IndiaB. "The【T3】_____ culture": subordinates respect superiors【T3】______— Advantage: an easy managing system— Disadvantage: not favorable for【T4】_____ employees to work well【T4】______ Western Culture: low power distanceA. "The【T5】_____ culture": each higher level has a clear and【T5】______demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath itB. Leadership style: hierarchy and【T6】_____【T6】______C. Advantage: explore all the【T7】_____ of employees【T7】______D. Typical countries: Germany,【T8】_____【T8】______ Suggestion: managers and subordinates work together efficientlyand more【T9】_____【T9】______II. Uncertainty avoidance Definition: the extent to which one feels either uncomfortableor comfortable in【T10】_____ situations【T10】______ Uncertainty avoiding cultures: minimize the possibility of such situationsA By strict【T11】_____, safety and security measures【T11】______B. By a belief in【T12】_____【T12】______ High uncertainty avoidance: Japan, ChinaA Prefer job【T13】_____【T13】______B. Team work instead of independent work Low uncertainty avoidance: USA Denmark, SingaporeA High Job【T14】_____【T14】______B. Risk-taking Suggestion: pay attention to【T15】_____ set between【T15】______different uncertainty avoidance

他是我们的死敌。

要学好英语，大量的练习是必要的。

With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste and poison are poured into the water, the soil and the air.

PASSAGE TWO

The following two excerpts are about parenting classes. From the excerpts, you can find that parenting classes are welcomed by some but there is still criticism of them. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize the different responses about parenting classes, and then 2. express your opinion towards parenting classes, especially whether parenting classes should be promoted at all costs. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt 1 Parents to Be Paid ￡600 "to Attend Parenting Classes" Mothers and fathers will receive rewards of more than ￡600 for attending a new-style "parenting academy" where they will learn how to improve children's skills in reading, writing, maths and science. The program—being launched next year at a cost of almost ￡1 million—will also promise free childcare and meals to act as an incentive for parents to attend. It is being led by the Education Endowment Foundation, a charity set up with ￡125 million government funding in an attempt to raise standards in poor areas. Today, a leading MP said it was vital that parents supported children's education but criticized the use of cash to get them "to do the right thing". But Robbie Coleman, research manager at the EEF, told the Times Educational Supplement: "This was a group of local authorities and schools that wanted to do something like this anyway. We are not saying it is right to pay parents. We are not taking a moral view. " "We are saying, if this activity is happening, the key point is that we evaluate it rigorously to find out whether or not it makes a difference. " The project will initially target parents from 1,500 families centred around 14 primary schools in Middlesbrough and Camden, North London. Parents of under-11s will attend the academy six times each term—18 times in the academic year— with each session lasting 90 minutes. They will receive a grant of around ￡ 600 for attending every session, although the full value of the awards has yet to be finalized. The EEF said the parenting academy—modelled on a similar project in Chicago—would " aim to equip parents with the skills to support their children's learning in numeracy, literacy and science". Excerpt 2 Parenting Classes Under Attack British Prime Minister David Cameron caused controversy earlier this week for suggesting that all parents should attend classes on how to raise their children. In a speech on Monday, the Tory leader announced plans for a new voucher system aimed at encouraging parents to sign up to lessons on improving communication, behavior and discipline. While some have praised the move, others see it as patronizing and argue that resources should be focused elsewhere. Some doubt where the funds for mandatory classes would come from such as the funds for materials and class workers. It would be unfair to let every taxpayer pay for the substantial cost of such projects. However, if we pass this cost onto the parents, it would be an exuberant charge for a biological fact of life especially for those families who are unable to pay for basic care. Besides, other parents especially the aspiring parents argue that they shouldn't be required to attend parenting courses. One parent points out that their rights as citizens are being eroded away by big government. The right to rear their children as they see fit (in the scope of not performing an illegal action) are protected by the 14th amendment. She quotes; "Parents have comparable interests under our state constitutional protections of liberty and privacy rights. " "The right to the custody and control of one's child is a fiercely guarded right in our society and in our law. It is a right that should be infringed upon only under the most compelling circumstances. " (Brooks v. Parkerson Georgia Supreme Court 1995)

(1)Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessors' musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940' s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950's, who were themselves attacked by free jazzers of the 1960's. The neoboppers of the 1980's and 1990' s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz. (2)Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician—who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books—was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody. (3)Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to "sheets of sound", where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop. (4)Three recordings illustrate Coltrane's energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs—an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions. Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltrane's searching explorations produced solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding. With the soprano's piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy. (5)When Coltrane began recording for the Impulsel Label, he was still searching. His music became raucous, physical. His influence on rockers was enormous, including Jimi Hendrix, the rock guitarist, who following Coltrane, raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.

(1)Frederic Chopin was born in Zelazowa Wola, Poland, on February 22, 1810, to a French father and Polish mother. His father, Nicholas Chopin, was a French tutor to many aristocratic Polish families, later accepting a position as a French teacher at the Warsaw Lyceum. (2)Although Chopin later attended the Lyceum where his father taught, his early training began at home. This included receiving piano lessons from his mother. By the age of six, Chopin was creating original pieces, showing innate prodigious musical ability. His parents arranged for the young Chopin to take piano instruction from Wojciech Zywny. (3)When Chopin was sixteen, he attended the Warsaw Conservatory of Music, directed by composer Joseph Eisner. Eisner, like Zywny, insisted on the traditional training associated with Classical music but allowed his students to investigate the more original imaginations of the Romantic style as well. (4)As often happened with the young musicians of both the Classical and Romantic Periods, Chopin was sent to Vienna, the unquestioned center of music for that day. He gave piano concerts and then arranged to have his pieces published by a Viennese publishing house there. While Chopin was in Austria, Poland and Russia faced off in the apparent beginnings of war. He returned to Warsaw to get his things in preparation of a more permanent move. While there, his friends gave him a silver goblet filled with Polish soil. He kept it always, as he was never able to return to his beloved Poland. (5)French by heritage, and desirous of finding musical acceptance from a less traditional audience than that of Vienna, Chopin ventured to Paris. Interestingly, other young musicians had assembled in the city off fashion with the very same hope. Chopin joined Franz Liszt, Hector Berlioz, Vincenzo Bellini, all proponents of the "new" Romantic style. (6)Although Chopin did play in the large concert halls on occasion, he felt most at home in private settings, enjoying the social milieu that accompanied concerts for the wealthy. He also enjoyed teaching, as this caused him less stress than performing. Chopin did not feel that his delicate technique and intricate melodies were as suited to the grandiose hall as they were to smaller environments and audiences. (7)News of the war in Poland inspired Chopin to write many sad musical pieces expressing his grief for "his" Poland. Among these was the famous "Revolutionary Etude." Plagued by poor health as well as his homesickness, Chopin found solace in summer visits to the country. Here, his most complex yet harmonic creations found their way to the brilliant composer's hand. The "Fantasia in F Minor," the "Barcarolle," the "Polonaise Fantasia," "Ballade in A Flat Major," "Ballade in F Minor," and "Sonata in B Minor" were all products of the relaxed time Chopin enjoyed in the country. (8)As the war continued in Warsaw and then reached Paris, Chopin retired to Scotland with friends. Although he was far beyond the reach of the revolution, his melancholy attitude did not improve and he sank deeper into a depression. Likewise, his health did not rejuvenate either. A window in the fighting made it possible for Chopin to return to Paris as his health deteriorated further. Surrounded by those that he loved, Frederic Francois Chopin died at the age of 39. He was buried in Paris. (9)Chopin's last request was that the Polish soil in the silver goblet be sprinkled over his grave.

晚上十点钟，我在灯下看书，离家不远的军营里的喇叭吹起了熟悉的调子。几个简单的音阶，缓缓地上去又下来，在这鼎沸的大城市里难得有这样的简单的心。 我说：“又吹喇叭了。姑姑可听见?”我姑姑说：“没留心。”我怕听每天晚上的喇叭，因为只有我一个人听见。 我说：“啊，又吹起来了。” 可是这一次不知为什么，声音极低，绝细的一丝，几次断了又连上。这一次我也不问我姑姑听得见听不见了。我疑心根本没有什么喇叭，只是我自己听觉上的回忆罢了。于凄凉之外还感到恐惧。 可是这时候，外面有人响亮地吹起口哨，信手拾起了喇叭的调子。我突然站起身，充满喜悦与同情，奔到窗口去，但也并不想知道那是谁，是公寓楼上或是楼下的住客，还是街上过路的。

The modern Olympic Games are the leading international sporting event nowadays. However, there are constant voices to call for stopping the Olympic Games. The followings are opinions on whether we should abolish the Olympics from different media. Read them carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.http://camilla.com.au/ The Olympic charter's call for a "peaceful society" and the "preservation of human dignity" is a very noble one, but its means are rather odd. Through fierce athletic competition between nations, individual rivalries between athletes, who, training for 75% of their waking life, probably play a very little role in their society anyway. The Olympics is an arena for individual achievement: however, if someone is to win a race, others must lose. Emphasis is not placed on athletes improving their personal best but on who wins. Having many nations come together shows worldwide solidarity, but it is a strange sort of solidarity, nations united by their athletes in Lycra and branded shoes. The cultures of nations are shown by little more than flag waving and the appearance of their mascots.The Guardian The original "spirit" of the Olympics was supposedly that of sporting competition between amateurs, who competed for the honour of doing so, and to test themselves against the best sportspeople from around the world. However, the Olympics has become ever more commercialised, high-jacked by global corporations and turned into a giant advertising hoarding. The kinds of moneys and rewards potentially available from excelling on the international stage has served to incentivise not only professionalisation, but also corruption and cheating. The professed aspirations of the Olympic movement and the grubby reality of the contemporary Olympics are now utterly opposed.The New York Times Citizens of the host city, often uninterested in the Olympic spectacle, can end up having to foot the bill by paying extra taxes, or having their existing taxes routed away from other services. The construction of Olympic facilities, company investment and the regeneration of areas in host cities can be very disruptive, pricing local residents and shopkeepers out of their areas. Building an Olympic site can necessitate the demolition of homes and historical places. Previous Olympics have shown that Olympic resources, when the games are over, do not always benefit the host city or society. Olympic sites can become ghost towns, so characteristic of the year they were built in as to be aesthetically odd, impractical, inhospitable and unfashionable a decade later.TIME The athletes competing in the Olympic games have worked hard for years, showing dedication to achieving physical greatness. They keep to a strict diet, and put in hundreds of hours training in a week, all for the honor of competing against the best athletes in the world. Those that are caught cheating are dealt with harshly, which teaches against honesty and dedication to one's dreams. Athletes dedicate the best part of their lives to this ideal, by constantly improving their performance. Individual performance stands here for "celebration of collective values"—including that of fair competition. Individual athletes represent whole nations—their competing actualizes transnational togetherness and the search for commonality and global cooperation. Above all, the Olympic spirit is a beacon of hope. Countless times the games have instilled hope and togetherness in many. In a world of growing animosity, it is encouraging to see a sense of peace and togetherness gather every four years.

(1)Desertification, drought, and despair—that's what global warming has in store for much of Africa. Or so we hear. (2)Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario, one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent. Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall. If sustained, these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions, reclaiming them for farming communities. This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models, which predict a return to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago. (3)The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel, a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south mat stretches some 2,400 miles. (4)Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive regreening throughout the Sahel, according to a new study in me journal Biogeosciences. The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan. The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture, which in turn creates more rain, said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, who was not involved in me new study. (5)"The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force," Claussen said. (6)While satellite images can't distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains, ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted. In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan, new trees are flourishing, according to Stefan Kropelin, a climate scientist at the University of Cologne's Africa Research Unit in Germany. (7)"Shrubs are coming up and growing into big shrubs. This is completely different from having a bit more tiny grass," said Kropelin, who has studied the region for two decades. In 2008 Kroepelin—not involved in the new satellite research—visited Western Sahara, a disputed territory controlled by Morocco. "The nomads there told me there was never as much rainfall as in the past few years," Kropelin said. "They have never seen so much grazing land." (8)"Before, there was not a single scorpion, not a single blade of grass," he said. "Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years. You see birds, ostriches, coming back, even sorts of amphibians coming back," he said. "The trend has continued for more than 20 years. It is indisputable." (9)An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models. For instance, in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt, the Netherlands, forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel. The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day by 2080. (10)Satellite data shows "that indeed during the last decade, the Sahel is becoming more green," Haarsma said. Even so, climate scientists don't agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel: Some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall. "This issue is still rather uncertain," Haarsma said. (11)Max Planck's Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers. Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains, Claussen added. "Half the models follow a wetter trend, and half a drier trend."

About two-thirds of the world's population is expected to live in cities by the year 2020 and, according to the United Nations, approximately 3.7 billion people will inhabit urban areas some ten years later. As cities grow, so do the number of buildings that characterize them: office towers, factories, shopping malls and high-rise apartment buildings. These structures depend on artificial ventilation systems to keep clean and cool air flowing to the people inside. We know these systems by the term "air-conditioning". Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards. Much research has looked at how the circulation of air inside a closed environment—such as an office building—can spread disease or expose occupants to harmful chemicals. One of the more widely publicised dangers is that of Legionnaire's disease, which was first recognised in the 1970s. This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system's cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake, in most cases due to poor design. This warm air was, needless to say, the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria originating from outside the building, where it existed in harmless quantities. The warm, bacteria-laden air was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building. Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts. Cases of Legionnaire's disease are becoming fewer with newer system designs and modifications to older systems, but many older buildings, particularly in developing countries, require constant monitoring. The ways in which air-conditioners work to "clean "the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too. One such way is with the use of an electrostatic precipitator, which removes dust and smoke particles from the air. What precipitators also do, however, is to emit large quantities of positive air ions into the ventilation system. A growing number of studies show that overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches, fatigue and feelings of irritation. Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers. In older systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottoms of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi which can find their way into the ventilation system. The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately half of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed antibodies to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs. Chemical disinfectants, called " biocides", that are added to reservoirs to make them germ-free, are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities, as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol, which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers. Finally, it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us. In a natural environment, whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity. Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes. In an air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37℃, our normal temperature. This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu.

It's disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture that loves its gambling, and the passion is only growing, as financial hardships sweeten the ever alluring prospect of a lucky break. The danger, of course, is that gambling can lead to compulsive gambling—and compulsive gambling can be a life wrecker. Now, a new study in the Archives of Pediatrics buying lottery tickets? or placing bets on professional sports. "The majority of kids were not engaging in any of these activities," says Pagani, "but the fact that any of them were was unexpected. " What struck Pagani most was how predictable the identities of the gamblers were. When she referred back to the ratings from kindergarten, she found that every one-unit increase on the impulsivity scale correlated with a 25% jump in the likelihood a child would be gambling by sixth grade. "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual already refers to gambling specifically as an impulse-control disorder," she says, citing the official text that outlines diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. "And then there were our findings showing that ". Knowing early on which children are headed for trouble can pay off in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help families wise up. Some of the parents of the kids in the study saw a little gambling as a minor thing, and a number of them even bought lottery tickets for their kids as a reward for good behavior. That, clearly, sends the wrong message. "Scratch-and-win games are for adults," Pagani says flatly. What's more, not only can kids' behavior benefit when impulse issues are spotted early on, so can their brains. Preschool is a time when the prefrontal lobes, which are the center of executive functions—and what Pagani and others call "effortful control"—are just developing. The better the brain can be trained at this stage, the better it performs later in life. Pagani cites a 2007 study published in the journal Science that showed that simple attention-boosting training taught in kindergarten improved focus and concentration in later years. "You can introduce a cost-effective program and reap enormous benefits," she says. Pagani plans to check in with the kids in her survey again in another six years, when they're finishing high school and preparing to enter the larger world-with its larger temptations. Even if they were born too late to benefit from her findings, she thinks other kids can. "We need to think of impulse-control training as a long-term investment plan," she says, "one that can lead to less addiction, less gambling, a lower dropout rate and lower unemployment." That's a far bigger payoff than you'll ever get playing blackjack or craps.

Perspiration, the body's built-in cooling mechanism occurs as a natural reaction to nervousness, intense heat, or vigorously exercise.

Why Learning Spanish?The importance of Spanish is growing in Europe. Spanish, with 400 million speakers, is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the world. In addition to this, there are many other reasons for us to learn Spanish.I. Better understanding of English— Many English words have【T1】_____ origins【T1】______— English and Spanish share similar【T2】_____【T2】______II.【T3】______【T3】______— Many Spanish-speaking people are no long confinedin【T4】_____ states, Florida and New York City【T4】______III. Travel— People who speak Spanish will havemore【T5】_____ experiences when travelling【T5】______IV. Cultural understanding— Help us understand how other people【T6】_____【T6】______— Offer us a wealth of modern and traditional【T7】_____【T7】______V. Help people learn other languages— Prepare us for learning other languages, such as【T8】_____【T8】______— Share some characteristics with Russian and German:【T9】_____ and extensive conjugation【T9】______— Japanese:【T10】_____【T10】______VI. It's easy to learn— Its vocabulary is【T11】_____ English's【T11】______— Written Spanish is almost【T12】_____【T12】______— Basic grammar is straightforwardVII.【T13】_____【T13】______— Expanded professional opportunities in medicine, education,【T14】_____, and communications or tourism【T14】______VIII. It's fun— Successfully speaking in another tongue is【T15】_____【T15】______

给他当二把手我看也值得。他太能干了。