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(1) Considering that anxiety makes your palms sweat, your heart race, and your brain seize up like a car with a busted transmission, it's no wonder people reach for the Xanax to vanquish it. But in a surprise, researchers who study emotion regulation—how we cope, or fail to cope, with the daily swirl of feelings—are discovering that many anxious people are bound and determined (though not always consciously) to cultivate anxiety. The reason, studies suggest, is that for some people anxiety boosts cognitive performance. (2) In one recent study, psychologist Maya Tamir of Hebrew University in Jerusalem gave 47 undergraduates a standard test of neuroticism, which asks people if they agree with such statements as "I get stressed out easily." She then presented the volunteers with a list of tasks, either difficult (giving a speech, taking a test) or easy (washing dishes), and asked which emotion they would prefer to be feeling before each. The more neurotic subjects were significantly more likely to choose feeling worried before a demanding task; non-neurotic subjects chose other emotions. Apparently, the neurotics had a good reason to opt for anxiety: when Tamir gave everyone anagrams to solve, the neurotics who had just written about an event that had caused them anxiety did better than neurotics who had recalled a happier memory. Among non-neurotics, putting themselves in an anxious frame of mind had no effect on performance. (3) In other people, anxiety is not about usefulness but familiarity, finds psychology researcher Brett Ford of the University of Denver. She measured the "trait emotions" (feelings people tend to have most of the time) of 139 undergraduates, using a questionnaire that lists emotions and asks "to what extent you feel this way in general." She then grouped the students into those characterized by "trait fear" (those who tended to be anxious, worried, or nervous), "trait anger" (chronically angry, irritated, or annoyed), and "trait happy" (the cheerful, joyful gang). Six months later, the volunteers returned to Ford's lab. This time she gave them a list of emotions and asked which they wanted to experience. Not surprisingly, the cheerful bunch wanted to be happy. But in a shock for those who think anyone who is chronically anxious can't wait to get their hands on some Ativan (氯羟安定), those with "trait fear" said they wanted to be worried and nervous—even though it felt subjectively unpleasant. (The "trait angry" students tended to prefer feeling the same way, too.) Wanting to feel an emotion is not the same thing as enjoying that emotion, points out neuroscientist Kent Berridge of the University of Michigan, who discovered that wanting and liking are mediated by two distinct sets of neurotransmitters. (4) In some cases, the need to experience anxiety can lead to a state that looks very much like addiction to anxiety. "There are people who have extreme agitation, but they can't understand why," says psychiatrist Harris Stratyner of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. They therefore latch on to any cause to explain what they're feeling. That rationalization doubles back and exacerbates the anxiety. "Some people," he adds, "get addicted to feeling anxious because that's the state that they've always known. If they feel a sense of calm, they get bored; they feel empty inside. They want to feel anxious." Notice he didn't say "like."

The millions of calculations involved, if they had been done by hand, all practical value have lost by the time they were finished.

Bullying has always existed in schools. In recent years, a better understanding of the traumatic effects it can have on its victims has increasingly highlighted how damaging a phenomenon bullying is. It can lead to serious psychological problems, like depression and even suicide. Should the bullies themselves in school face the force of the law? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt Graeve: Individuals should only be held responsible for the consequences of their own actions. In any free and democratic society, criminal law should only hold people accountable for the things they do, not for the actions of others. We are all autonomous, moral agents who make decisions and have to live with their consequences and the consequences of our actions. While it might be justified to punish bullies for their bullying behavior, if it breaks the law, we cannot hold them accountable for another person's decision to commit suicide. Mona: The law should always punish actions that inflict serious harm—whether physical or psychological. Bullying can inflict serious psychological harm on its victims, especially in the case of young people. It leads to low self-esteem, depression, and for some kids it leads to suicide. Bullied children are almost 6 times more likely to think about or attempt suicide. This phenomenon has been termed "bullycide" and the law should recognize it. Many forms of behavior that result in the death of another person are criminal, from murder to negligence. It is the duty of the law to brand such behavior as unacceptable, deter future incidents, punish the perpetrators, and offer comfort to victims. Jose: Defining bullying would be nearly impossible. Spreading rumors, giving someone the silent treatment, inviting all your classmates but one to a party, expressing a religious belief about someone's sexuality, eye rolling, making faces, these can all be hurtful and perceived as bullying. Yet this is perfectly legal behavior. Criminalizing bullying would amount to criminalizing these acts. They may be offensive, they may even be hurtful, but these gestures should never, ever constitute criminal behavior in any society that is concerned with human rights, freedom of speech, and of expression. Throwing someone in prison for spreading rumors or eye rolling might be worthy of a totalitarian state, but not a liberal democracy. Andrew: The bully's intentions are irrelevant. In criminal law, the establishment of culpability(过失 ) does not always depend on the intentions of the perpetrator(犯罪者). If, during a fight on a train platform, I shove someone and that person falls on the tracks and is killed by a train, I will be guilty of manslaughter, whether I intended to kill the person or not, because the harm caused by my actions is so great. The same applies to bullying. Bullies try to hurt their victims through their actions, either physically or psychologically. Whether the bully intended the victim to die or not, is irrelevant. The bully's actions were responsible for the victim taking his own life. Josheh; It is difficult to make a direct, legally sound link between a bully's behavior and a victim's suicide. Many of the children and adolescents who take their own lives allegedly as a result of bullying have a far more complicated background. Some already struggle with depression, and have unstable family situations that make it hard to turn to their parents for help with their problems.

Chinese people are no longer strangers to food-safety crisis—the contaminated vinegar, the meat that glowed in the dark, the exploding watermelons, the mushrooms imbued with bleach, the pork so dosed with chemicals to make it lean and the infamous melamine-tainted milk. The following news report provides detailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment, especially on what are the major causes of food-safety crisis in China. Food Safety Top Concern in China In China, where food safety scandals are commonplace, the public have to be extra careful before every bite. Reports of meat injected with steroids and unhealthy animals butchered for consumption give new weight to the phrases "beef up" and "sick as a pig". There have been reports of problems from every link in the production chain. Even agricultural produce, it seems, is not safe. A huge batch of bean sprouts was seized after they were found to contain worrying amounts of controlled chemicals. Last July, Shanghai Husi Food Co. Ltd, a supplier to leading fast food brands including McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut, were discovered using expired meat in their products. Six of the company's senior executives were arrested. The revised Food Safety Law comes into effect on Oct. 1, and brings harsher punishment for the adulteration of food intended for our plates. An annual China Youth Daily survey in March found that food safely was the public's top concern. In response to a list of "quality of life" issues including housing and the environment, 77.3 percent of respondents said food safety mattered most to them. The new law should rebuild confidence in the domestic food industry. Those found to have added substances unfit for human consumption to food could be jailed for up to 15 days, and producers may face fines of up to 30 times the value of their products. The amendment includes provisions for landlords and suppliers found to be complicit, at any stage of the production chain, in the adulteration of food. Should officials with food and drug regulators, or health and agriculture departments, be found negligent or involved in concealment, they will face administrative penalties, such as demotion or dismissal. Producers will now have to run tests on their products, conduct regular inspections and submit reports to regulatory bodies. Earlier this month, the Premier lauded the revamped Food Safety Law and its "zero tolerance" stance. He advised that a tracking system, which would record and monitor the whole food production process, should be established. Zhang Gaoli, a vice premier and head of a ministerial food safety committee under the State Council, called for strict supervision of food manufacturers and distributors. Wang Yang, another vice premier, concurred with his colleague and stressed the importance of risk management. He also reminded local governments that they must assume responsibility for food quality. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce has started to draw up a black list of firms, as a stepping stone toward a system to monitor corporate conduct. An administration official said last June that better records detailing the food companies' conduct would be kept, and they would be made available to the public to ensure an environment of honesty.

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine in someareas, but industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. 【S1】 1Since the world's population is expecting to double in the next 50 years, 【S2】 2many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis. But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do nothave to trouble the world—if we started valuing water more than we 【S3】 3have in the past. Just like we began to appreciate petroleum more after 【S4】 4the 1970s oil crisis, today we must start looking at water from a fresheconomical perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a 【S5】 5virtual free resource of which we can use as much as we like. 【S6】 6 Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor,governments should price water to reflect their actual value. This means 【S7】 7charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the demand costs. 【S8】 8 Governments should also protect this resource by providingwater with more economically and environmentally sound ways. 【S9】 9Often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropicsis through small-scaled projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions 【S10】 10and pumping it to nearby cropland. 【S1】

While many companies are spending more money on sales promotion than on media advertising, it is difficult to say just what percentage of a firm' s overall promotional budget should beallocated to advertise versus consumer- and trade-oriented【M1】______promotions. This relocation depends on a number of factors,【M2】______including the specific promotional objectives of the campaign, the market and competitive situation, and the brand's stage in its life cycle. Consider, for example, what allocation of the promotional【M3】______budget may vary according to a brand's stage in the product life cycle. In the introductory stage, a large amount of the budget may be allocated to sales promotion techniques such as sampling andcouponing to induce trial. In the growth stage, moreover,【M4】______promotional dollars may be used primarily for advertising to stressbrand differences and keep the brand name in competitors' minds.【M5】______When a brand moves to the maturity stage, advertising is primarilya reminder to keep consumers aware the brand. Consumer-oriented【M6】______sales promotions such as coupons, price-offs, premiums, and bonus packs may be needed periodically to maintain consumer loyalty, attract new users, and protect against competition.Trade-oriented promotions needed to maintain shelf space and【M7】______accommodate retailers' demands for better margins as long as【M8】______encourage them to promote the brand. A study on the synergistic effects of advertising and promotion examined a brand in themature phase of its life cycle and has found that 80 percent of its【M9】______sales at this stage was due to sales promotions. When a brand【M10】______enters the decline stage of the product life cycle, most of the promotional support will probably be removed and expenditures on sales promotion are unlikely.

Hot Spots in Cross Cultural CommunicationI.【T1】______Conversations【T1】______— Modes of address—【T2】_____【T2】______— Levels of deference to age or social position— Acceptable ways to conclude—【T3】_____【T3】______II. Taking Turns During Conversations— Some cultures: take turns in a(n)【T4】_____ way【T4】______— Others: response might be regarded as a challenge or a humiliation, depending ona)the context of the conversationb)【T5】_____【T5】______c)the levels of personal knowledge/relationship— Example: western give and take in a public marketIII. Interrupting— Interruption, vocal and emotional expression are considered to be the default conversational style for those considered to be equalsand for【T6】_____【T6】______— Northern European or American extract: argument and hostilityIV. Use of Silence— Silence: a sign of【T7】_____ and deference【T7】______a sign of hostility— In the west:【T8】_____ seconds silence is terribly long【T8】______V. Appropriate Topics of Conversation— Vulgar: speak openly about money, intimate【T9】_____ issues【T9】______— Travelers or businessmen should learn【T10】_____【T10】______VI. Use of Humor— In the west: use humor to【T11】_____【T11】______— Some other cultures: humor is a sign of disrespectVII. Knowing How Much to Say— In the west: less is more— Some other places: a【T12】_____ wrap-up【T12】______— Factors to determine how much to say:a)Ageb)【T13】_____【T13】______c)CultureVIII. Sequencing Elements During Conversation— When to bring up more【T14】_____【T14】______— When to ask for directions— Ask the right question in the right way at【T15】_____【T15】______

学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。初学阶段的科目之最重要的莫过于语文与数学。语文是阅读达意的工具，国文不通便很难表达自己，外国文不通便很难吸取外来的新知。数学是思想条理之最好的训练。其他科目也各有各的用处，其重要性很难强分轩轾，例如体育，从一方面看也是重要得无以复加。总之，我们在求学时代，应该暂且把趣味放在一旁，耐着性子接受教育的纪律，把自己锻炼成为坚实的材料。 学问的趣味，留在将来慢慢享受一点也不迟。

“假若我再上一次大学”，多少年来我曾反复思考过这个问题。我曾一度得到两个截然相反的答案：一个是最好不要再上大学，“知识越多越反动”，我实在心有余悸。一个是仍然要上，而且偏偏还要学现在学的这一套。后一个想法最终占了上风，一直到现在。 我为什么还要上大学而又偏偏要学现在这一套呢?没有什么堂皇的理由。我只不过觉得，我走过的这一条道路，对己，对人，都还有点好处而已。我搞的这一套东西，对普通人来说，简直像天书，似乎无补于国计民生。然而世界上所有的科技先进国家，都有梵文、巴利文以及佛教经典的研究，而且取得了辉煌的成绩。这一套冷僻的东西与先进的科学技术之间，真似乎有某种联系。其中消息耐人寻味。

的确，生活不会按照我们预想的方式进行。总有些情节非我们所望，却躲之不过。这或许才生活魅力的真正所在。其实，在那天，身在重庆的我，就已经开始相信这或许就是最好的结局。如今我在西安，这里的一切我都很喜欢。虽然一切都和我当初的设想不同。 “人生没有如果，命运不相信假设。”记得我在高考百天宣誓大会上把这句话送给了我们年级所有同学。在这个雨夜里，我要把这句话送给我自己。就像滴在地上的雨无法再回到天际，有太多的遗憾，就让它被这场雨洗去。因为，毕竟，明年还会在这里听到夜雨。到那时，我不想让那时的自己还梦想着要回到今天。人在此地，心归故里，一切甚好，满心欢喜……这就是关于夜雨的那个故事的最好的结局。

A little more than a year later, Ramanujan was at Cambridge University, and beginning to be recognized as one of the amazing mathematicians the world has ever known.

It is reported that Chinese lawmakers are considering regulations to promote reading among the public. The news has caused concern over what exactly a new policy regarding reading might entail, but some do believe that the measure could help promote the average literacy rate across China. The following are excerpts of opinions. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.Ye Zhurong from Beijing While entertainment and leisure magazines are extremely popular, traditional publications are no longer well received. People read books more flippantly. With the increase of soap operas and other TV shows, fewer and fewer people are attached to reading. Although electronic media help spread information, it still defers the traditional practice of reading. Raising the overall literacy rate is no easy target. With reading not stressed at all, efforts to stimulate public interest will have to be plentiful. For example, schools should create encouraging atmospheres for reading and allow students to fall in love with books to eventually affect all of society. Furthermore, it's important to set up more libraries. At some existing facilities, most books are old, procedures outdated and borrowing fees absolute. To boost national literacy, implementation is the key. We need to put into practice all kinds of effective measures to promote reading.Jia Zhiyong from Chongqi While a reading law places emphasis on national literacy levels, it also reflects the worrying fact that reading has yet to be encouraged among the Chinese public, which likes to boast about its 5,000-year-old history and rich culture. People read for certain purposes, including making money or conducting research. It is also a leisurely pastime to be enjoyed in one's spare time. No matter what type you are engaged in, reading is helpful for both personal and social progress. A lack of reading could well damage the advancement of an innovative culture or civilization. In whatever form, reading is meant to make people feel good, improve personal qualities, tap into potential capabilities and promote innovation. How to develop and promote such a culture remains the key question.Qiu Shi from Shanghai To determine the necessity of a law we need to first ascertain what it entails. Officials claim the regulation would protect people's right to read, while it remains unclear as to what would happen to those who do not enjoy books. Relevant authorities should provide sufficient investment in libraries and balance the distribution of reading materials across different areas, while ensuring people get enough time to read within a conducive environment. With a serious shortage of public facilities geared toward reading, laws are required to redress the matter.Mao Jianguo from Qingdao A nation's literacy rate to a large extent affects its future development potential. When it comes to reading, we have to look at two problems. First, the public must be provided with quality books, not trash ones on the market. Because pay is low, many writers can only survive by churning out as much of the latter as possible. Is it possible to better support authors in writing books with more literary value? Second, it's important to make reading more convenient, which requires the construction of more libraries. In some cities, such facilities lack books or are remotely situated. If people could have better access to quality reading material, surely public interest in books would increase. Therefore, at present, what we need is not a law, but more investment in facilities to boost enthusiasm for reading.

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忘记在哪本书上读到的了，说每个城市都有独特的气味。你去旅游，如果带上灵敏度高、能辨识多种气味的鼻子，就能在看风景之外，多上一重享受。对一个城市、一个地区的印象，如果光凭眼睛，你会倾心于它的景致，但要真正喜欢上它，留恋它，还需嗅觉的认可。前者依赖于你的修养，从美学到对城市风俗和历史的把握；但气味仅仅诉诸感觉，它决定着，你和城市亲昵到哪种程度。

To stay warm in cold weather, cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a source of warmth such as direct sunlight.

人生之路谁不走?只是走路时别忽略了一路的良辰美景。 一个人工作的地方是小的，居住的家是小的，社交的圈子是小的，有的人就越来越不满这缺乏变化的单调。有的人却总是怡然自得，随遇而安。世界浩渺，一个人只能居于一隅。比海洋大的是天空，比天空大的是心灵，因为这小小的心灵内住着一只时起时落的想象鸟。 大碗喝茶解渴，却说不上是怎样的好。 一心想得到的东西终于得到了，失去的却很多很多，而失去的原来比得到的可能还要好。

我怀想着故乡的雷声和雨声。那隆隆的有力的搏击，从山谷返响到山谷，仿佛春之芽就从冻土里震动，惊醒，而怒茁出来。细草样柔的雨声又以温存之手抚摩它，使它簇生油绿的枝叶而开出红色的花。这些怀想如乡愁一样萦绕得使我忧郁了。我心里的气候也和这北方大陆一样缺少雨量，一滴温柔的泪在我枯涩的眼里，如迟疑在这阴沉的天空里的雨点，久不落下。

The bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Person have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk though plate glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep. How many of these stories have a basic in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record. There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed. At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed. The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. The leading expert on sleep in American is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepwalkers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers. " Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. What is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Mac Beth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, "The eyes are open but their sense is shut." The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Mac Beth, she had weighty problems on her mind. Dr. Zelda Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, say, "Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing. There are many myths about sleepwalkers. One of the most common is the idea that it's dangerous or even fatal to waken a sleepwalker abruptly. Experts say that the shock suffered by a sleepwalker suddenly awakened is no greater than that suffered in waking up to the noise of an alarm clock. Another mistaken belief is that sleepwalkers are immune to injury. Actually most sleepwalkers trip over rugs or bump their heads on doors at some time or other. What are the chances of a sleepwalker committing a murder or doing something else extraordinary in his sleep? Some cases of this have been reported, but they very rarely happen. Of course the few cases that are reported receive a great deal of publicity. Dr. Teplitz say, "Most people have such great inhibitions against murder or violence that they would awaken—if someone didn't waken them. " In general, authorities on sleepwalking agree with her. They think that people will not do anything in their sleep that is against their own moral code. As for the publicized cases, Dr. Teplitz points out, "Sleepwalking itself is dramatic...sleepwalkers can always find an audience. I think that some of their tall tales get exaggerated in the telling. " In her own file of case histories, there is not one sleepwalker who ever got beyond his own front door. Parent often explain their children's—or their own—nocturnal oddities as sleepwalking. Sleepwalking is used as an excuse for all kinds of irrational behavior. There is a case on record of a woman who dreamed that her house was on fire and flung her baby out of the window. Dr. Teplitz believes that this instance of irrational behavior was not due to somnambulism. She believes the woman was seriously deranged or insane, not a sleepwalker. Children who walk in their sleep usually outgrow the habit. In many adults, too, the condition is more or less temporary. If it happens often, however, the sleepwalker should seek help. Although sleepwalking itself is nothing to become alarmed about, the problems that cause the sleepwalking may be very serious.

Women-centered HistoryIn the past, most people believed that the contributions women have made to US history have been ignored by historians. In recent years, a new view of women's history has emerged. It's called "women-centered history," which is forcing historians to re-interpret traditional pictures of key historical events.I.【T1】_____【T1】______— 1980s: subfield of history established— Recent years: the view "women-centered history" emerged— Now: Look at women's contribution to history "【T2】_____"【T2】______II. Premise— Females played an important part in shaping US history— Women are worth【T3】_____【T3】______— Prior models of history:A. "The【T4】_____ approach"【T4】______1. Theory:a)Men were the【T5】_____ historical leaders【T5】______b)Women played a secondary role at every landmark historical event2. Downside: neglects the【T6】_____ role of women【T6】______in everyday family lifeB. "The victim approach"1. Theory: focusing on women's【T7】_____ throughout history【T7】______2. Downside: women's plight is overly【T8】_____【T8】______III. Balance— Ask the question of "What【T9】_____?"【T9】______— Portray a fairer and more complete picture of US women's past— Best show the balance of【T10】_____ between women's plight【T10】______and women's power— Compelled historians to see certain historical processes in【T11】_____【T11】______IV. More【T12】______【T12】______— Sub-categories of women's history:a)【T13】_____【T13】______b)Social statusc)The history of women in【T14】_____ cultures【T14】______— Class divisions, race divisions, ethnic divisions and religious divisions— Women's【T15】_____ other women【T15】______