Distant indeed seem the days when the two great rivals of commercial aviation, Boeing and Airbus, would use big air shows to trumpet hundreds of new orders. This year's Paris Air Show was a much more sombre affair, even if the Boeing-Airbus feud still took centre stage. There were one or two bright spots. Airbus was able to boast of a firm order for ten of its wide-body A350s from AirAsia X. John Leahy, its top salesman, expects deliveries in 2009 to match the record 483 in 2008. Boeing, which was hit by a prolonged strike last year, will probably deliver more aircraft this year than last. Both firms built up huge backlogs in the fat years: each has orders for about 3,500 planes. But many of those may soon evaporate. Giovanni Bisignani, the boss of IATA, the trade body that speaks for most airlines, gave warning earlier this month that his members might defer as many as 30% of aircraft deliveries next year. He also almost doubled his forecast for the industry's cumulative losses in 2009, to $9 billion. Both Mr. Leahy and Jim McNerney, the chief executive of Boeing, think that Mr. Bisignani is overdoing the gloom. But they concede that potential customers may find purchases hard to finance. Another issue is the cost of fuel. Mr. McNerney thinks the recent increase in the oil price should encourage carriers to replace elderly gas guzzlers with efficient new planes. But if the price "spikes over $100" all bets are off. The two aviation giants agree on one other thing: the industry will not get a successor to its ubiquitous short-haul workhorses, the 737 and the A320, for more than a decade. That is partly because the 15 -20% efficiency gain that airlines say they want from the next generation is, says Mr. McNerney, "a bar that keeps moving north" thanks to the continuous improvements of 1 -2% a year that the manufacturers are making to existing planes. Moreover, both Boeing and Airbus are conserving cash for a long and bitter scrap to dominate the market for long-haul aircraft with up to 350 seats. Boeing's troubled 787 Dreamliner will at last take to the air this month, two years late. The production problems that stemmed from both the revolutionary use of composites and an extended global supply chain appear to have been overcome. To speed up deliveries of the 787, for which Boeing has received more than 860 orders, Mr. McNerney is planning a second assembly line. The delays to the 787 have been a godsend for Airbus. Its rival, the slightly bigger A350, is on track to fly in early 2012 after a painful gestation. With nearly 500 orders, Airbus claims that the A350 is selling even faster than the record-breaking 787 did at the same stage in its development. The biggest concern for Boeing, however, is not that the A350 will take sales from the 787, but that its largest variant, the A350-1000, will be a strong rival to its successful 777. Mr McNerney says that Boeing can afford to wait and see how great a threat the biggest A350 is. But according to Airbus executives, Boeing will be faced with the dilemma of merely upgrading the 777 or taking the bigger and more costly step of building a replacement. The A350 and the 787 are at the heart of the long-running and acrimonious dispute between Boeing and Airbus at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) over state subsidies for large commercial aircraft. This week European governments declared that they were ready to contribute 3.5 billion ($4.9 billion) of reimbursable launch aid to the 11 billion cost of developing the A350. The announcement had Boeing executives scurrying to their BlackBerrys to condemn what they saw as a "provocative" move given that the WTO is expected to issue a ruling on Boeing's complaint within weeks (a ruling on a counter-complaint by Airbus is due later in the year). Louis Gallois, the chief executive of EADS, the parent company of Airbus, denied there was anything odd about the timing: "We do not plead guilty," he said. "Our support is much more transparent than Boeing's. We have fully repaid with interest the support we received for the A320 and A330 and we are already paying back on the A380 (super-jumbo)." Tom Enders, the chief executive of Airbus, added that the aid was aimed only at "levelling the playing field" and that the European Union had described the 787 as the most subsidised commercial aircraft in history.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

It was not so long ago that parents drove a teenager tocampus, said a tearful goodbye and returned back home to【M1】______wait a week or so for a phone call to the dorm. Mom or Dad,【M2】______in turn, might write letters—yes, with pens. On stationary. But【M3】______going to college these days means never have to say goodbye,【M4】______thanks to near-saturation of cellphones, email, instant messaging, texting, Facebook and Skype. Researchers are looking at how new technology may be delaying the pointwhich college-bound students truly become independent from【M5】______their parents, and how phenomena such as the introduction of unlimited calling plans have changed the nature of parent-child relationships, and not always for the better. Some research suggests that today's young adults are close【M6】______to their parents than their predecessors. And it's complicated.【M7】______Sherry Turkle, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology whose specialty is technology and relationships, calls thisa particular sort of "Huck Finn moment," in which Huck "takes her【M8】______parents with him. We all sail down Mississippi together." From the【M9】______electronic grade monitoring many high schools offer parents, it seems a small leap to keep electronic track of their(adult)children's schedules or to send reminders about deadlines or assignments. Professors have figured out that some kids areemailing papers home to parents to edit. And Skype and【M10】______Facebook might be more than just chances to see a face that's missed at home; parents can peer into their little darling' s messy dorm room or his messy social life.

An expert, together with some assistants, have been sent to help us with the project.

(我们宿舍里没有穿衣镜，饭厅门口倒是有一面。每当我穿上一件漂亮的新连衣裙，我就禁不住暗暗地想往镜子里瞧瞧自己。)但总是在要去瞧的时候就感到特别不自在而踉跄离去——总是在关键时刻打了退堂鼓。

Choosing a Foreign Language to StudyIt is not easy to choose a foreign language to study, but there are some questions you can answer and help you decide which language is suitable for you. I. Reasons— Motivations and goals Examples:a)Learn the language of【T1】_____【T1】______b)Think the language is pretty and interestingc)Increase【T2】_____【T2】______【T3】_____ for people working in U.S.【T3】______Mandarin Chinese for people going into international businessArabic for people interested in【T4】_____ and military【T4】______II.【T5】_____【T5】______— Monolingual speaker with language learning experiences— Monolingual speaker without language learning experiences—【T6】_____ speaker【T6】______III. Time— Half an hour to an hour rninimum— Linguistic【T7】_____reduces the time required for【T7】______learning a new languageExample: English and Russian vs. English and NorwegianIV. Access to native speakers— Converse with them on a(n)【T8】_____basis to improve fluency【T8】______— They help with your pronunciation and【T9】_____【T9】______— Ask for【T10】_____【T10】______— Assess【T11】_____to decide which language you learn【T11】______V. Access to study materials— Many【T12】______material can be found on the Internet【T12】______—【T13】_____ of study material is needed【T13】______— Need access to【T14】_____【T14】______— Locate enough materials to support your progressVI. Desired【T15】_____【T15】______— Some: speaking only— Others: reading and writing— Learning curveEnglish and French vs. English and Japanese

Journey in Catastrophes: Three Forms of Violent Storms I. Winds and stormsA. Winds' moving in violent storms— bringing about a great deal of【T1】 1【T1】 2— being so strong that is terrifyingB. Storms' occurring: the【T2】 3 of massive hot air and cold air【T2】 4— gales: strong enough to uproot trees and blow down chimneys, etc.— thunderstorms: hot enough to expand the air to【T3】 5【T3】 6C. Gales and thunderstorms: happening all over the worldD. Tornadoes, waterspouts and hurricanes: happening only【T4】 7【T4】 8II. TornadoA. Basic knowledge— a very violent wind-storm in the【T5】 9 over land【T5】 10— cause: gathering of【T6】 11 hot, moist air and cold, dry air【T6】 12— season: generally March through August— time of occurrence:【T7】 13【T7】 14B. Damage of a tornado— making【T8】 15 things into dangerous weapons【T8】 16— sucking everything in【T9】 17【T9】 18— tearing,【T10】 19 things【T10】 20III. WaterspoutA. A tornado that happens【T11】 21【T11】 22B. Sucking up water IV. HurricaneA Basic information— other names: tropical cyclones,【T12】 23, and willy-willies【T12】 24— beginning over tropical oceans in late summer— speed: between 12 and 24 miles per hour— blowing in a large spiral around a relative calm center,known as the【T13】 25: generally 20 to 30 miles wide【T13】 26— the storm: likely to extend outward 400 miles B. Damages— bringing【T14】 27, high winds, and storm surges【T14】 28— flattening trees and buildings— flooding everything with the torrential rain— sometimes sweeping inland over sea walls and【T15】 29【T15】 30 Journey in Catastrophes: Three Forms of Violent Storms I. Winds and stormsA. Winds' moving in violent storms— bringing about a great deal of【T1】 31【T1】 32— being so strong that is terrifyingB. Storms' occurring: the【T2】 33 of massive hot air and cold air【T2】 34— gales: strong enough to uproot trees and blow down chimneys, etc.— thunderstorms: hot enough to expand the air to【T3】 35【T3】 36C. Gales and thunderstorms: happening all over the worldD. Tornadoes, waterspouts and hurricanes: happening only【T4】 37【T4】 38II. TornadoA. Basic knowledge— a very violent wind-storm in the【T5】 39 over land【T5】 40— cause: gathering of【T6】 41 hot, moist air and cold, dry air【T6】 42— season: generally March through August— time of occurrence:【T7】 43【T7】 44B. Damage of a tornado— making【T8】 45 things into dangerous weapons【T8】 46— sucking everything in【T9】 47【T9】 48— tearing,【T10】 49 things【T10】 50III. WaterspoutA. A tornado that happens【T11】 51【T11】 52B. Sucking up water IV. HurricaneA Basic information— other names: tropical cyclones,【T12】 53, and willy-willies【T12】 54— beginning over tropical oceans in late summer— speed: between 12 and 24 miles per hour— blowing in a large spiral around a relative calm center,known as the【T13】 55: generally 20 to 30 miles wide【T13】 56— the storm: likely to extend outward 400 miles B. Damages— bringing【T14】 57, high winds, and storm surges【T14】 58— flattening trees and buildings— flooding everything with the torrential rain— sometimes sweeping inland over sea walls and【T15】 59【T15】 60

{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

(1)"Twenty years ago, Blackpool turned its back on the sea and tried to make itself into an entertainment centre," says Robin Wood, a local official. "Now the thinking is that we should try to refocus on the sea and make Blackpool a family destination again." To say that Blackpool neglected the sea is to put it mildly. In 1976 the European Community, as it then was called, instructed member nations to make their beaches conform to certain minimum standards of cleanliness within ten years. Britain, rather than complying, took the novel strategy of contending that many of its most popular beaches were not swimming beaches at all. Because of Britain's climate the sea-bathing season is short, and most people don't go in above their knees anyway—and hence can't really be said to be swimming. By averaging out the number of people actually swimming across 365 days of the year, the government was able to persuade itself, if no one else, that Britain had hardly any real swimming beaches. (2)As one environmentalist put it to me: "You had the ludicrous situation in which Luxembourg had more listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom. It was preposterous." (3)Meanwhile, Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight into the sea. Finally, after much pressure from both environmental groups and the European Union, the local water authority built a new waste-treatment facility for the whole of Blackpool and neighbouring communities. The facility came online in June 1996. For the first time since the industrial revolution Blackpool's waters are safe to swim in. (4)That done, the town is now turning its attention to making the sea-front more visually attractive. The promenade, once a rather elegant place to stroll, had become increasingly tatty and neglected. "It was built in Victorian times and needed a thorough overhaul anyway," says Wood, "so we decided to make aesthetic improvements at the same time, to try to draw people back to it." Blackpool recently spent about $1.4 million building new kiosks for vendors and improving seating around the Central Pier and plans to spend a further $15 million on various amenity projects. (5)The most striking thing about Blackpool these days compared with 20 years ago is how empty its beaches are. When the tide is out, Blackpool's beaches are a vast plain of beckoning sand. They look spacious enough to accommodate comfortably the entire populace of northern England. Ken Welsby remembers days when, as he puts it, "you couldn't lay down a handkerchief on this beach, it was that crowded." (6)Welsby comes from Preston, 20 miles down the road, and has been visiting Blackpool all his life. Now retired, he had come for the day with his wife, Kitty, and their three young grandchildren, who were gravely absorbed in building a sandcastle. "Two hundred thousand people they'd have on this beach sometimes," Welsby said. "You can't imagine it now, can you?" (7)Indeed I could not. Though it was a bright sunny day in the middle of summer, I counted just 13 people scattered along a half mile or so of open sand. Except for those rare times when hot weather and a public holiday coincide, it is like this nearly always now. (8)"You can't imagine how exciting it was to come here for the day when we were young," Kitty said. "Even from Preston, it was a big treat. Now children don't want the beach. They want arcade games and rides in helicopters and goodness knows what else." She stared out over the glittery water. "We'll never see those days again. It's sad really." (9)"But your grandchildren seem to be enjoying it," I pointed out. (10)"For the moment," Ken said. "For the moment." (11)Afterward I went for a long walk along the empty beach, then went back to the town centre and treated myself to a large portion of fish-and-chips wrapped in paper. The way they cook it in Blackpool, it isn't so much a meal as an invitation to a heart attack, but it was delicious. Far out over the sea the sun was setting with such splendor that I would almost have sworn I could hear the water hiss where it touched. (12)Behind me the lights of Blackpool Tower were just twinkling on, and the streets were beginning to fill with happy evening throngs. In the purply light of dusk the town looked peaceful and happy—enchanting even—and there was an engaging air of expectancy, of fun about to happen. Somewhat to my surprise, I realized that this place was beginning to grow on me.

Their selfishness is most shamelessly expressed in downsizing and outsourcing because these business maneuvers don't act to create new jobs as the founder of new industries used to do, but only to cut out jobs while kept the money value of what those jobs produced for themselves.

Over the past generation, about 270m Chinese labourers have left their villages to look for work in cities. Many of those workers have children; most do not take them along. We call these youngsters liushou ertong, or "left-behind children". It is not hard to imagine that the damage will be felt not just by the left-behind themselves but by society as a whole. The following article analyzes the problem in details. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment. An estimated 61 million children are "left behind" by their migrant parents. Being left behind damages children in many ways. A non-governmental organisation, Growing Home, surveyed them this year and found that they were more introverted than their peers and more vulnerable to being bullied; they also had "significantly higher states of anxiety and depression" than their peers. Being brought up by grandparents is a common experience worldwide, and by no means necessarily harmful. But China's rapid development does make it more of a problem now than it was in the past. Unlike their parents, the left-behind children's grandparents are often illiterate; their schooling can suffer accordingly. Lastly, left-behind children are vulnerable to sexual and other abuse. Child abuse is distressingly common anyway. An analysis of 47 studies in Chinese and English this year estimated that over a quarter of Chinese children are physically abused at some point in their lives. The left behind are among the most vulnerable to such abuse, especially those in boarding schools, because any adults who might speak up for them are far away. Leaving such broader consequences aside, the decision to leave behind a child is a hard one. Why do so many migrants make it? According to a survey, two-thirds said they would not have enough time to look after them while working in the city; half said it was too expensive to bring up children there. In principle migrants might take along their grandparents rather than leaving behind their children. But the restrictions of the hukou system make that almost impossible. The hukou or household-registration document is a bit like an internal passport, giving people access to various services. When registered in the country, grandparents get a lower pension than urban dwellers—and the money is not enough for them to live in the city. The hukou system also exacerbates things by making it very hard for children registered in a rural area to get state schooling or health care in the city. Private schools that exploit the opportunity this presents are often crowded, substandard and constantly threatened with closure by city governments. On top of this vital school-leaving exams have to be sat where a child is registered. So even if children accompany their parents to the city, they are almost always sent back again at the age of 14 to prepare for the exam. Reform of the hukou system-already under way, in a piecemeal fashion-can address some of the problems of the left-behind and those who leave them. But given the underlying factors at work a full response will require China to build a child-welfare system almost from scratch. At its heart, the problem of the left-behind is one of misplaced hopes. Like so many parents, China's migrants are deferring pleasure now (that of raising their children) for the hope of a better life later (to be bought with the money they earn). One result has been the stunning growth of cities and the income they generate. Another has been a vast disruption of families-and the children left behind are bearing the burden of loss.

Do pupils in school learn to read their mother tongue effectively?Yes and no. Up at the fifth and sixth grade, reading, on the whole is【S1】______effectively taught and well learned. To that level we find a steady and general improvement, but beyond it the curves flatten out to be a dead level.This is not because a person arrives his natural limitation of efficiency when【S2】______he reaches the sixth grade, for it has been shown again and again thatwith special tuition so much older children, and also adults, can【S3】______make enormous improvement. Nor does it mean that most sixth-graders read well enough for all practical purpose. A great many pupilsdo poorly in high school because of sheer inept in getting meaning【S4】______from the printed page. The average high-school graduate has done a great deal of reading, and if he goes on to college he will do a great deal more,and he is likely to be a poor and incompetent reader.(Note that【S5】______this holds true for the average student, not the person who is a【S6】______subject for special medical treatment.)He can follow a simplepiece of fiction and enjoy it. But put him up a closely【S7】______written exposition, an economical stated argument, or a passage【S8】______required critical consideration, and he is at a loss. It has been shown,【S9】______for instance, that the average high-school student is amazingly inept at indicating the central thought of a passage, or the levels of emphasisand subordination in an argument or exposition. For all intents and【S10】______purposes he remains a sixth-grade reader till well along in college.

It is generally accepted that people should visit their aged parents regularly if they live separately. But whether this requirement should be written into law has always been a controversial matter. And then not quite long ago, China issued a decree that requires children to pay regular visit to their parents. The following is an excerpt on this decree. Read it carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the excerpt, and then 2. give your comment. Not long ago, China issued a decree. According to the new legislation, parents have the legal right to request government mediation or even file a lawsuit against children who fail to regularly drop by for a visit or give them a phone call. The core intent of the law is "to protect the lawful rights and interests of parents aged 60 and older, and to carry on the Chinese virtue of filial piety." Unsurprisingly, the law has strong voices speaking for and against. "It is a great policy and I am very happy to see the government release such a policy to encourage children to fulfill their obligations to their parents," said Huang Kesheng, a 20-year-old student at Beijing's University of International Business and Economics: However, Bei Zhong, a late-20s white collar professional from Chongqing who works and lives in Shanghai, sees it differently. "I do not think there should be a law that requires people to visit their parents," she told a paper. "It gives the impression to other countries that Chinese people need a law to tell them they should visit their elders.It's quite embarrassing." Perhaps the controversial — some say silly — law should come as no surprise. After all, China gave the world Confucius — perhaps the most family-oriented philosopher in human history. Given the nation's Confucian foundations, the rift between its elderly and the post-1980s "me generation" has been especially felt when compared with similar changes that have taken place in other countries. Alongside the generational divide and deterioration of old-fashioned values, a major driving force behind China's Confucian fallout is urbanization, which often means moving far from home. This is especially true for young professionals like Zhong who are leaving the far flung comers of the country to congregate in economic hubs like Beijing or Shanghai. Simply put, this makes those filial visits both logistically difficult and often expensive. "How often I visit my parents depends oh my schedule," Zhong said "Last year I spent two months with them. But so far this year, I haven't even had the time to visit my parents yet Flights are also very expensive." Zhong said that she, along with her friends, often resort to squeezing trips to their hometowns into the brief national holiday of Chinese New Year. It's worth noting that any travel at this time is no leisurely trips for pleasure. During this time China sees the world's largest human migration, with hundreds of millions of people crisscrossing the country and completely blocking its transportation networks. While some will wage a war against these trends, it is highly unlikely that they will stop the forces as powerful as China's urbanization and its growing generation gap. Thankfully for Chinese youth, some parents understand. "My mom and dad would never dream of demanding for me to visit," Zhong said. "They just want me to be happy."

English serves as a functional alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world whichuse it an international second language. Because of its【S1】______geographically widespread use, and because of the much number【S2】______of people who speak it, it has been adapted as the language of【S3】______aviation and air traffic. English has continued as one of the important languages of commerce, as the sphere of political andeconomic influence of the English-spoken nations has extended far【S4】______beyond their own bounds. The use of English in international【S5】______diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the officiallanguages of the United Nations. But as a final example, English is【S6】______the language of the most majority of published materials in the【S7】______world, so that education, especially specialized higher education,has come to rely very heavily in an understanding of English In no【S8】______sense English replace the cultural heritage and emotional ties of【S9】______the first language, but for many speakers throughout the world, it provides a means of communicating with people of similar trainingand interests which would otherwise not be able to comprehend【S10】______them.

你刚才的话使他更恼火了。

Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of usare aware that we are communicating in many different ways even【S1】______when we are not speaking. The same goes to other social animal【S2】______species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of【S3】______human communication in school even though it is very important foreffective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally【S4】______learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice,and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how【S5】______we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these auxiliary communication methods【S6】______paralanguage. It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrongmessage from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case【S7】______in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be observed through face-to-face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions.【S8】______ Paralanguage is often less important in communication than【S9】______what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others are through paralanguage.【S10】______