The nature of work is changing. Recent technological advances, a shift from manufacturing to service-based organizations, increased global competition, and the importance of knowledge workers all have contributed to a dynamic and complex work environment. To survive, organizations must embrace flexibility and adaptability. They must have a systems view thathelp them to integrate the meaning of common everyday【M1】______occurrences into overall interrelationships, interdependencies, and patterns of change to allow them to achieve this neededadaptability. Very often, organizations accompany these goals【M2】______through the implementation of teams. A team is a collective of dependent individuals who together【M3】______have shared objectives, mental models, and procedures that guide their perceptions, thinking, and behaviors toward a common goal.The process which teams achieve this commonality is called【M4】______collaboration. Dissimilarly, cooperation has been discussed as a【M5】______team skill competency that includes offering help to those team members who need it, pacing activities to fit the needs of the team, and behaving so that actions are not misinterpreted. Collectiveorganizations immerse themselves to the virtues of collaboration【M6】______and cooperation by reducing the hierarchy of social stratificationon which traditional bureaucratic organizations rely. However,【M7】______they encourage decisions to be made by the collective group to foster a sense of community and shared purpose. Cooperation and teamwork facilitate coordination, communication, adaptability,enhance employee participation, and empowerment, thereby【M8】______allowing individuals to achieve collective outputs that are greater than the sum of their parts. Organizations continue to depend onteams and the synergy they engender to assist at streamlining work【M9】______processes that promote efficiency, the increased innovation, and【M10】______quality of products and services.

To guide you through the practice, let's start with the basic questions about abstract. First of all, what is a descriptive abstract? A descriptive abstract is the【T1】 1 you have already completed or work you are proposing. It is not the same thing as the introduction to your work. The abstract should give readers a short, concise【T2】 2 as a whole—not just how it starts. Remember that the readers of your abstract will sometimes【T3】 3, so in this short document you need to give them【T4】 4 of your work. If you are writing an abstract as a proposal for your research—in other words, as a request for permission to write a paper—the abstract serves to predict the kind of paper【T5】 5. Secondly, what's different about a conference paper or informative abstract? A conference abstract is one you submit to have your paper considered for【T6】 6 at a professional conference. Its length will be specified by the conference organizer but will rarely be more than 500 words... To guide you through the practice, let's start with the basic questions about abstract. First of all, what is a descriptive abstract? A descriptive abstract is the【T1】 7 you have already completed or work you are proposing. It is not the same thing as the introduction to your work. The abstract should give readers a short, concise【T2】 8 as a whole—not just how it starts. Remember that the readers of your abstract will sometimes【T3】 9, so in this short document you need to give them【T4】 10 of your work. If you are writing an abstract as a proposal for your research—in other words, as a request for permission to write a paper—the abstract serves to predict the kind of paper【T5】 11. Secondly, what's different about a conference paper or informative abstract? A conference abstract is one you submit to have your paper considered for【T6】 12 at a professional conference. Its length will be specified by the conference organizer but will rarely be more than 500 words... 【T1】

Preventing Cross Cultural MiscommunicationMiscommunications happen all the time between people whose native languages are different. Native English speakers, though boasting the advantage of speaking the world language, should also be aware of miscommunications. Here are several pieces of advice to English speakers:I. Cultural differences in【T1】_____ need to be addressed.【T1】______A. Americans like to use【T2】_____ and phrases.【T2】______B. Japanese people do not like to say "【T3】_____".【T3】______C. French people can get easily offended.D. Germans are【T4】_____.【T4】______E. Italians don't love details.II. Main【T5】_____ for foreigners to understand English speakers.【T5】______A. Metaphor【T6】_____:【T6】______a)sport metaphorsb)military metaphorsc)mixed metaphorsd)【T7】_____ metaphors【T7】______B. Conditionals can be【T8】_____.【T8】______C. Not aware of【T9】_____.【T9】______— Beginning a conversation informally can be【T10】_____【T10】______III. English【T11】_____ to avoid miscommunication.【T11】______A. Be aware of using metaphors.B. Avoid making a(n)【T12】_____ statement when possible.【T12】______C. Pay attention to cultural habits with regards to respect.—【T13】_____ before calling someone by the first name.【T13】______IV. Conclusion: use【T14】_____.【T14】______Downside: reduced【T15】_____.【T15】______Advantage: pertinent, direct, and stronger communication.

Working-class families in the United States are usually nuclear, and many studies indicate that working-class couples marry for love, not for money. Upper-class couples may marry for love, but their commitment of love is sometimes compromised by the recognition of their marriage【S1】______as a way to preserve their class identity. Middle-class couples may alsomarry for love, but the overridden task of middle-class families is also 【S2】______an economic thing—to enhance the earning power of the breadwinner. 【S3】______Of course, working-class people are also affected by the economicrealities for their families must operate like economic units as well. 【S4】______However, the economic tasks of families are more a part of their dreams 【S5】______about marriage than they are a part of the reality of their married life.Indeed, to many a working-class couples, love provides a way to escape 【S6】______from the difficulties of their parents' home and starts their own family life. 【S7】______ Another distinctive feature of working-class families is the majority 【S8】______of them have limited choices about the work available to them. Their "choices" are often the "leftovers" in the job market. People from working-classfamilies do seek self-esteem and personal confirmation, and they come 【S9】______to their jobs full of hopes. However, given the way which production 【S10】______and consumption are organized in advancing societies like the U.S., members of the working-class often experience exploitation in struggling at jobs that may be less meaningful.

记者招待会上，人们向他提了许多问题。

关于地铁是否该禁食，这两三年来上海、深圳、北京等大城市，陆续有很多讨论。 支持禁食者认为，在地铁车厢里吃东西，不仅气味难闻。而且一旦翻撒还会影响车厢整洁，也会造成安全隐患；更有人发现，中国香港、台湾以及新加坡等地的城市轨道都有严格的禁食规定，新加坡甚至严苛到就连矿泉水、瓶装饮料、含在嘴里的糖、花生也不行。不过，也有人对世界各大城市地铁做过详细的统计和分析，发现各地地铁都是因地制宜的；有的地铁既禁吃东西，又禁饮料；有的只禁饮料。 可见，不能一刀切地以“史上最严”的新加坡作为“标准答案”。

这些椅子舒适大方，携带方便。

IBM公司一直处在电脑行业的前沿。

There are different theories of Language Development. The learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see andhear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement.【S1】______The main theorist associated with the learning perspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children byreinforcing the babbling of infants that sound mostly like words. The【S2】______nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming【S3】______to gain knowledge. The main theorist associated with this perspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device(LAD). The LAD contains knowledgeof grammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows【S4】______children to understand the rules of however language they are【S5】______listening to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformational grammar is grammar that transforms a sentence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structureis underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Interactionists argue【S6】______that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by thedesire of children to communicate with any others. Interactionists【S7】______argue that " children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly【S8】______and predisposes them to require new understandings that they are【S9】______motivated to share with others". The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus on Vygotsky's model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning isthe idea that conversations with younger people can help children【S10】______both cognitively and linguistically.

中国人是刻苦耐劳的民族。

English as a Global LanguageI. English is a global language It's widely used in economic, political, and scientific fields, and in【T1】______【T1】______ English as a global language is bad news for【T2】_____【T2】______- Writers will write in English to reach a(n)【T3】_____【T3】______II. The positive impacts of English as a global language In【T4】_____ area: a medium of communication【T4】______ In【T5】_____: a language commonly used in lecture-rooms【T5】______or lecture-conferences In English Language Teaching: English-speaking countries【T6】_____【T6】______from the spread of EnglishIII. The negative impacts of English as a global language Inequality in language and【T7】_____【T7】______- e.g.: classrooma Students who don't speak fluent English tend to be【T8】_____【T8】______b. Students who speak fluent English tend to【T9】_____【T9】______ Social inequality- International conference: English speaking people areusually【T10】_____【T10】______ Linguistic power- Native English speakers will be more【T11】_____【T11】______than non-native English speakers- Native speakers have a(n)【T12】_____【T12】______ Linguistic【T13】_____【T13】______- English speakers are less【T14】_____to learn other languages【T14】______and cultures Linguistic death- The existence of a global language may lead to【T15】_____【T15】______and the death of other languages

Should high school seniors take a gap year before they go to universities? Gap Years originally started in the United Kingdom in the 1970's as a way to fill the 7- or 8-month gap between final exams and the beginning of university. Much opinion exists about the merits—or otherwise—of taking time out after completing school. The following is an article about this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion on the issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. While your friends sit through lecture this fall, you could be promoting HIV/AIDS awareness in Vietnam, learning Spanish in Peru, or interning in New York City. How? By taking a gap year. Taking time off before college is a major decision, so let us help you decide if this road less traveled is right for you.What is a gap year, exactly? "Gap time" is a year or semester students take off before enrolling in college. Gapers typically work to save money, volunteer, intern, or study a language abroad. Most students elect this time off because they don't feel prepared for college or they're looking for more life experience first. According to Jason Sarouhan, a counselor at Center for Interim Programs, gap years enable young people to gain more independence and self-empowerment. "The time between high school and college offers the natural opportunity to take a break and to recalibrate one's focus and centeredness," he says, adding that young people can benefit from structured time away from school or work.Why consider taking a gap year? Gap time is meant to revitalize your mind—to avoid the burnout that can accompany immediately taking on more intense coursework. Robin Pendoley, the Co-Founder and CEO of the gap year program Thinking Beyond Borders, says that gap-year students gain experience that helps them connect ideas in college—they're able to better put everything they'll be studying in context.How should you expect to grow during your gap year? "A well-designed gap year helps students find direction, purpose, and passion for their learning," said Pendoley. "They can return to school with a clear understanding of the opportunity it represents to become an expert in an area the student is truly passionate about and committed to.Can you afford to take a gap year? If you choose to work full-time at home during your gap year, you probably won't need to worry about expenses. Even if you choose to go abroad, gap year programs typically cost far less than one year of university tuition. Though prices may range from $10,000 to $15,000 for a full year program designed by a gap year organization, less costly programs are available. Keep in mind that it's possible to travel and work during your gap year in order to save money for your college years.Taking a gap year is an untraditional path. How do you tune out the naysayers? Although skewing from the traditional path from high school to college isn't the norm, the research reveals that as many as 30% of college students failing to graduate and the average length of an undergraduate career over 5 years, any investment we make to help students gain the sense of direction and purpose they need in college is a good thing.

Why We Don't Like English Classes I. People's【T1】 1 of how to learn English【T1】 2A. Preconception: intention—registration—paying—attending classes:then one will get【T2】 3【T2】 4B. Actually, classes are a(n)【T3】 5way of learning English【T3】 6II. Things students can do at an English classA lot of【T4】 7 are spent when attending English classes【T4】 8A Listening to bad English from peersB. Having the poor【T5】 9【T5】 10C. Reading a boring textbook— textbook makes【T6】 11 easier【T6】 12— but makes learning boringD. Learning stupid grammar rules—【T7】 13 of so many grammar rules is impossible【T7】 14— the practice of them in speaking is also impossible— as a result, test score may be improved but【T8】 15【T8】 16E. Doing useless【T9】 17【T9】 18— reviewing the useless grammar rules— testing English but not teaching any EnglishF. Getting boring homework【T10】 19【T10】 20— usually a grammar exercise or a composition— usually you don't care about the subject of the compositionG.【T11】 21 can't be gained【T11】 22— this fact is ignored by teachers— how to avoid making【T12】 23 is seldom taught【T12】 24— how to pronounce or use dictionary to learn about word pronunciation is seldom taughtIII.【T13】 25 to replace boring classes with interesting things【T13】 26A. Watching International or English-language channelB. Attending【T14】 27 or speaking English with friends【T14】 28C. Reading interesting texts and booksD. Reading and listening to English: increasing the【T15】 29【T15】 30E. Writing compositions for yourself instead of teachers Why We Don't Like English Classes I. People's【T1】 31 of how to learn English【T1】 32A. Preconception: intention—registration—paying—attending classes:then one will get【T2】 33【T2】 34B. Actually, classes are a(n)【T3】 35way of learning English【T3】 36II. Things students can do at an English classA lot of【T4】 37 are spent when attending English classes【T4】 38A Listening to bad English from peersB. Having the poor【T5】 39【T5】 40C. Reading a boring textbook— textbook makes【T6】 41 easier【T6】 42— but makes learning boringD. Learning stupid grammar rules—【T7】 43 of so many grammar rules is impossible【T7】 44— the practice of them in speaking is also impossible— as a result, test score may be improved but【T8】 45【T8】 46E. Doing useless【T9】 47【T9】 48— reviewing the useless grammar rules— testing English but not teaching any EnglishF. Getting boring homework【T10】 49【T10】 50— usually a grammar exercise or a composition— usually you don't care about the subject of the compositionG.【T11】 51 can't be gained【T11】 52— this fact is ignored by teachers— how to avoid making【T12】 53 is seldom taught【T12】 54— how to pronounce or use dictionary to learn about word pronunciation is seldom taughtIII.【T13】 55 to replace boring classes with interesting things【T13】 56A. Watching International or English-language channelB. Attending【T14】 57 or speaking English with friends【T14】 58C. Reading interesting texts and booksD. Reading and listening to English: increasing the【T15】 59【T15】 60E. Writing compositions for yourself instead of teachers

中秋时节的成都已有少许寒意。深夜拥被独坐，脑海和心怀一派空虚。突然间，一个念头不期而至——你何时才能结束心灵的流浪? 就在这个深夜，在经历了轰轰烈烈之后，在极度的倦怠和百无聊赖中，在不经意不设防时，这一念头引发了一系列强烈的情绪。久违的无以言喻的失落感，无可名状的孤寂感和无以复加的苦难感涨潮般匐然袭来，汪洋恣肆。至此我才明白，它们从未离我而去。 它们与生俱来，坚如磐石地坐落在心灵幽秘处，伺机而现。

Time Management for College Students Time you spent in high school is totally different from that in college. It is a critical transition and is important for you to recognize that you are alone【T1】 1【T1】 2how you spend your time.I. Differences of time spent from high school1.【T2】 3 time by yourself rather than others【T2】 42. having【T3】 5 workloads【T3】 63. focusing on true【T4】 7 of a subject【T4】 84. filling with conflicting【T5】 9【T5】 10II. Tips of time management1. using a【T6】 11【T6】 12benefits: a)add【T7】 13 structures to your schedule【T7】 14b)【T8】 15 your schedule【T8】 162. planning your timea)reason: may not have enough time to accomplish all tasksb)give【T9】 17 for each assignment【T9】 18c)【T10】 19 some time for study breaks【T10】 203.【T11】 21 tasks: avoid over-committing your time【T11】 224. avoiding procrastinations and【T12】 23【T12】 245.【T13】 25 time management【T13】 26a)take【T14】 27 and be organized【T14】 28b)do not【T15】 29 from the schedule【T15】 30 Time Management for College Students Time you spent in high school is totally different from that in college. It is a critical transition and is important for you to recognize that you are alone【T1】 31【T1】 32how you spend your time.I. Differences of time spent from high school1.【T2】 33 time by yourself rather than others【T2】 342. having【T3】 35 workloads【T3】 363. focusing on true【T4】 37 of a subject【T4】 384. filling with conflicting【T5】 39【T5】 40II. Tips of time management1. using a【T6】 41【T6】 42benefits: a)add【T7】 43 structures to your schedule【T7】 44b)【T8】 45 your schedule【T8】 462. planning your timea)reason: may not have enough time to accomplish all tasksb)give【T9】 47 for each assignment【T9】 48c)【T10】 49 some time for study breaks【T10】 503.【T11】 51 tasks: avoid over-committing your time【T11】 524. avoiding procrastinations and【T12】 53【T12】 545.【T13】 55 time management【T13】 56a)take【T14】 57 and be organized【T14】 58b)do not【T15】 59 from the schedule【T15】 60

PASSAGE ONE

Despite rising education levels and the convenience of buying books online, Chinese of every age are reading less and less these days, according to an analysis released by Chinese Academy of Press and Publication. The following article gives detail information of this phenomenon. Read it carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly: 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. While the supply of books has exploded in China in recent decades, people's interest in them has not kept up. According to a survey result published by the Chinese Academy of Press and Publication in February, Chinese people read 4.39 books per capita in the past year, a figure that trails far behind major developed countries. And, on average, Chinese people allocated just over 15 minutes a day to reading, compared to almost 100 to watching television and over 45 for using the Internet. Why are the Chinese turning away from reading books? The question has prompted soul-searching among the country's intellectuals. Zhang Lijia, a freelance writer based in Beijing, reminisced fondly about people's passion for reading: "I often had get-togethers with friends where we talked about politics and discussed the books we were reading," she recalled. "There was such a strong spirit of inquiry." That spirit disappeared, Zhang says, by China's single-minded pursuit for economic prosperity, which has left its people with little regard for anything else. "People are too restless, too utilitarian," she reflected. "You need some peace in mind in order to be able to sit down with a book." Zhang's opinion is echoed by a number of longtime professionals in the book industry, who, since the early days of the industry's market-driven reform, have kept close watch of the public's changing preference in books. Some of them point out that in addition to turning away from books, Chinese people have also abandoned more serious and intellectually enriching stories in favor of easy reads. "In the last decade, best-sellers in China have less intellectual content and have become increasingly practical," said He Xiongfei, a well-known publisher of popular books since the early 1990s. Best sellers in China today, He says, consist mainly of "child-rearing manuals, cookbooks, health and fitness guides, test-preparation books, thrillers, and romance novels." Chinese people now have flocked to the Web for more light-hearted fare. According to a 2012 report from the China Internet Network Information Center, almost 200 million Chinese read online literature, although the term lacks a clear definition. A survey by the Chinese research firm iResearch shows that the ten most popular Chinese literature websites receive a total of 12.2 million visitors on an average day. These websites run the gamut of genres, from romance and horror to science fiction and fantasy, and reader interest helps carve them into more specific niches, like military fantasy novels, "officialdom" literature, and stories about time travel. Some websites require readers to pay a small fee, usually less than 5 RMB(80 cents), to access the most popular serialized novels. In the U.S., readers who used to buy physical books now flock to digital stores to find content. China's online readers, however, are choosing e-books for precisely what print books lack: critical and realistic depictions of society, and, more often, a cheap form of escape that, not unlike video games and television, offers them a refuge from the complications and concerns of the real world.

How to Read Literature Critically?Reading critically does not mean tearing a work of literature apart, but understanding and evaluating the work as a whole. A six-step method will help us read literature critically.I. Figurative Language— Make note of expressive language— Think about the【T1】_____ behind employing the devices【T1】______— Some examples of figurative languagea)【T2】_____: a comparison of two terms【T2】______b)Metaphor: a comparison of two seemingly【T3】_____ subjects【T3】______c)【T4】_____: granting human traits to objects or animals【T4】______II. Structure— Nonlinear structure: a story【T5】_____ order【T5】______sequence with【T6】_____ or integrated tales【T6】______— Examples: A Rose for Emily & The Joy Luck Club III. Influence— Trace an influence between authors a)the lessons learnedb)【T7】_____【T7】______c)the conclusions reached— Example: Hawthorne's influence on MelvilleIV. Archetypes— Archetypes patterned after an original— Two types of archetypes 【T8】_____【T8】______a)buddy pairb)Christ-figurec)the scapegoatd)the hero Situational archetypesa)【T9】_____ and pursuit of an elusive goal【T9】______b)loss of innocencec)【T10】_____【T10】______— Authors can【T11】_____ different archetypes,【T11】______e.g. Hemingway's Indian CampV. Symbolism— A symbol contains both【T12】_____ meanings【T12】______— A symbol is not necessarily a statement— Common symbols in literaturea)Spring, which symbolizes【T13】_____【T13】______b)Winter, which symbolizes death— Other common symbols, like【T14】_____ etc.【T14】______VI. Read and Reread— Don't【T15】_____ a work after you first read it【T15】______

学校教育给我们的好处不但只是灌输知识，最大的好处恐怕还在给与我们求友的机会上。这好处我到了离学校以后才知道，这几年来更确切地体会到，深悔当时毫不自觉，马马虎虎地就过去了。近来每日早晚在路上见到两两三三的携着书包、携了手或挽了肩膀走着的青年学生，我总艳羡他们有朋友之乐，暗暗地要在心中替他们祝福。

(1)Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways—from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another. (2)Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. (3)Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyone's solution, everyone's conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called "one of the greatest challenges of the coming century." (4)But it is much more than that It is, as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promised to reshape them again (5)"You have a history book written in your genes," said Spencer Wells. The book he's trying to read goes back to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration. (6)Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth. (7)Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth. (8)To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them. (9)Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across me planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce mat men became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians. (10)In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while me population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment, was as much as 35 percent slaves. (11)"What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events," Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently. (12)It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or setders; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replant hope. (13)"It's part of our nature, this movement," Miller said. "It's just a fact of the human condition."