{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

PASSAGE TWO

Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.

I have two boys but none of them likes sweets. Therefore, I never buy candies for them.

English is one of the world's most widely spoken languages. This is partly because it was the language of the British Empire.The empire once controlled so much of the world when it was said【M1】______that the Sun never set on the British Empire. England, the birthplace of English, takes on most of the island【M2】______of Great Britain. It is one of the four land that form the United【M3】______Kingdom. The English that people speak there today is quitediffered from the English that was spoken long ago. If you were【M4】______read a book by Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the early writers of【M5】______English, someone would have to explain it to you what many【M6】______words mean. England has product many famous writers since Chaucer.【M7】______They include such poets as John Milton and Percy Bysshe Shelley and such novelists as Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. England is also known for its theater. That art has remained important since the time of playwright William Shakespeare some 400 years ago. England's Oxford and Cambridge are two of the oldest universitiesin the world. The country' s contributions of classical and folk【M8】______music, as well as to rock and roll, are also important. It's not hard【M9】______to imagine what rock would be like if there hadn't been English performers such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and DavidBowie. The English also discovered two of the world' s most【M10】______popular sports: football(known as "soccer" in the United States)and cricket.

Study Activities in University In order to help college and university students in the process of learning, four key study activities have been designed and used to encourage them to make knowledge their own.1. essay writing: central focus of university work esp. in thehumanities, e.g.【T1】______【T1】______Benefits: 1)helping to【T2】______ interesting content in books【T2】______and to express understanding2)enabling teachers to know progress and to offer【T3】______【T3】______3)【T4】______ students with exam forms【T4】______2. seminars and classroom discussion: another form to internalize knowledge in specialized contextsBenefits: 1)【T5】______ enables you to know the effectiveness of【T5】______and others' response to your speech immediately2)Within the same period of time, more topics can be dealtwith than in【T6】______【T6】______3)The use of a broader range of knowledge is encouraged3. individual tutorials: a substitute for group discussionFormat: from teacher【T7】______ to flexible conversation【T7】______Benefit: encouraging acceptance of【T8】______ and producing interaction【T8】______4. lectures: a most【T9】______ used study activity【T9】______Disadvantages: 1)less【T10】______ than discussions or tutorials【T10】______2)more demanding in【T11】______【T11】______Advantages: 1)providing a general【T12】______ of a subject【T12】______under discussion2)offering more easily【T13】______ versions of a theory【T13】______3)updating students on【T14】______ developments【T14】______4)allowing students to follow different【T15】______【T15】______

When it is time to say good-bye to their pets, owners can bury their pets in a respectful pet cemetery.

我曾经因为有几个大学生登山迷途丧生，而访问某位登山专家，其中一个问题是：“如果我们在半山腰，突然遇到大雨，应该怎么办?” 登山专家说：“你应该向山顶走。”“为什么不往山下跑?山上风雨不是更大吗?”我怀疑地问。“往山顶走，固然风雨可能更大，却不足以威胁你的生命。至于向山下跑，看来风雨小些，似乎比较安全，但可能遇到爆发的山洪而被活活淹死。”登山专家严肃地说，“对于风雨，逃避它，你只有被卷入洪流；迎向它，你却能获得生存!”除了登山，在人生的战场上，不也是如此吗?

由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是初涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。

嘿，小伙子，千万别灰心。

There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective. Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "【T1】 1", not your view from an airplane! —aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects【T2】 2, especially distant things. I won't try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that【T3】 3 attempt to reproduce carefully. And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner's landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see. The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get. A classic example of this is the way we perceive【T4】 4or a line of telephone poles running away from us. They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "【T5】 5". This effect happens whenever there are【T6】 6, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles. There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective. Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "【T1】 7", not your view from an airplane! —aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects【T2】 8, especially distant things. I won't try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that【T3】 9 attempt to reproduce carefully. And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner's landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see. The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get. A classic example of this is the way we perceive【T4】 10or a line of telephone poles running away from us. They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "【T5】 11". This effect happens whenever there are【T6】 12, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles. 【T1】

The following two excerpts are about the spread of Chinese traditional culture against the backdrop of globalization and westernization. From the excerpts, you can find the merits of Chinese traditional culture, but there has been doubt about its worth on the contemporary international stage. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize the different opinions about Chinese traditional culture and western culture, and then 2. express your opinion towards this issue, especially whether the necessity to popularize Chinese traditional culture is justified. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt 1 There's Nothing New Under the Sun When Henry Kissinger was paying his pioneering visits to China in the early 1970s, the country was in the grip of a campaign to criticize Confucius. But China's own past—the 5,000 years of history of which its leaders often like to remind foreign interlocutors—is a constant presence in its domestic politics and its view of the world. Yet China's recent rise has taken place in a world organized along principles devised elsewhere, by foreign parvenus. For years scholars have struggled to develop a distinctively Chinese theory of international relations. This is almost a matter of national pride: "As a rapidly rising major power, it is unacceptable that China does not have its own theory," one Chinese official said. So attempts to apply precepts devised by ancient Chinese philosophers to the modern world are in vogue. One popular revival is the notion of tianxia, or "all under heaven". This dates back to the golden age of classical Chinese philosophy—of Confucius, Mencius, Laozi and the rest—in the "warring states" period. Instead of relying on force of arms, tianxia had the intention of drawing on its own moral and political example as the central state. It is a Utopian vision of universal harmony, where everybody opts into a system of global government. Tianxia is not advocating a world order led by China, but a system of equality. Nor is there to be compulsion. Tianxia is a voluntary choice. It has, however, made an impression. Some even see its influence in the ideal adopted by China's Communist Party leader of a "harmonious society". Some also heard tianxia echoes in the slogan for the 2008 Beijing Olympics; "One world, one dream". Excerpt 2 The Spread of Western Culture Threatens Local Cultures The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies often under the control of Western multinationals brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake oozing over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and manifestly homogenous. Suddenly, people all over the non-Westernized regions appear to be imbibing materialistic and individualistic values previously associated with Western culture. One major reason of this is the structural change in the world economy: globalization and the flood of goods dumped in poor countries that are marketed by mass seductive advertising which is obviously superficial but nonetheless successful in creating fresh desires in peoples of traditional societies. Starting in the sixteenth century, Western adventurers made a conscious effort to undermine the cultural heritage of various peoples around the world; this has been accomplished by imposing Western religion and cultural practices on those with a different way of life. Colonialism has paved the way for today's cultural globalization by leaving the colonized in a state of cultural disorientation and consequently vulnerable to continuing cultural invasion. It may sound extreme but academic language studies have proven that as many as 90 percent of the world's languages will disappear in the next century. By far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture. Production and consumption of cultural goods and services have become commodities, along with the essentials of social life, which are the crucibles of cultural creation. As the former chairman of Coca-Cola, Robert Goizueta said; "People around the world are today connected by brand name consumer products as much as by anything else. "

Different Types of LearningI. The definition of learningA. A process of people experiencing relationship between eventsB.【T1】______ of subject's changing behavior【T1】______C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______II. Two basic stages of learningA【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______III. Four types of learningA Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______— The common one in dog training— Behavior produces eventwhich can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove— Events/consequences change the behaviorB. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______— Learning that things go together— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______— For humans, it's likely to rain when it's cloudyC.【T11】______ learning【T11】______— Also called single event learning— Events are【T12】______【T12】______— Dogs won't perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______D. Social learning— As a result of being in social groups— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______— People learn from others— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______

Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men. Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558—1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women. Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James' consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role. Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife's subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ. "Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead. There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640—1660), as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles—as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.

花虽然多，但没有奇花异草。珍贵的花草不易养活，看着一棵好花生病要死是件难过的事。北京的气候，对养花来说，不算很好。冬天冷，春天多风，夏天不是干旱就是大雨倾盆；秋天最好，可是忽然会闹霜冻。在这种气候里，想把南方的好花养活，我还没有那么大的本事。因此，我只养些好种易活、自己会奋斗的花草。 不过，尽管花草自己会奋斗，我若置之不理，任其自生自灭，它们多数还是会死了的。我得天天照管它们，像好朋友似的关切它们。一来二去，我摸着一些门道：有的喜阴，就别放在太阳地里；有的喜干，就别多浇水。这是个乐趣，摸住门道，花草养活了，而且三年五载老活着、开花，多么有意思啊!不是乱吹，这就是知识啊!多得些知识，一定不是坏事。

云有云的地方性：中国北部的云厚重，人也同样那么厚重。南部的云活泼，人也同样那么活泼。海边的云幻异，渤海和南海的云又各不相同，正如两处海边的人性情不同。河南、河北的云一片黄，抓一把下来似乎就可以做窝窝头，云粗中有细，人亦粗中有细。湖南的云一片灰，长年挂在天空，无性格可言，然而橘子、辣子就在这种地方大量产生，在这种天气下成熟，给湖南人增加了生命的发展性和进取精神。

[此试题无题干]

Issues concerning human learning are among the critical topics in educational psychology, child development, and cognitivescience. One central focus has been on the issue of why students【M1】______learn and teachers teach best, and discovery learning versus directinstruction has been a contented debate in modern educational【M2】______theory and practice. Stemmed from the theoretical perspective of【M3】______constructivism, discovery learning is believed to be a tool for facilitating the creation and organization of knowledge, as well as the transfer of that knowledge across different contexts. This approach contrasts with views that emphasize direct instruction from teacher to student. This entry addresses the following central issues: how discovery learning is defined, the empirical evidence in favor of discovery learning or direct instruction, and the facilitation of discovery and transfer. Discovery learning is a general approach that involvesminded participation and active inquiry in the acquisition of【M4】______concepts and strategies. In classroom contexts, it refers to a formof curriculum which students are encouraged to actively explore【M5】______and figure out the concepts, solutions, or strategies at the hand. A【M6】______widely accepted idea is that discovery learning is the least【M7】______appropriate and effective approach to facilitate deep and lasting【M8】______understanding. This approach is often contrasted with directinstruction or expository learning, which typically refers traditional,【M9】______content-oriented methods that the instructor lectures to students.【M10】______Learning associated with direct instruction is often believed to be less engaged and less active, and thus less effective.

As many as 40% of university language departments are likely to close within a decade, the former government adviser charged with bolstering foreign language uptake in higher education has warned, delivering a huge blow to the UK's diplomatic and economic hopes. Amid a deepening crisis in a language learning—which is【S1】______causing alarm at highest levels of government—the number of【S2】______universities offering degrees in modern languages have already【S3】______plunged from 105 in 2000 to 62 at the start of this academic year. The rate of attrition is expected to continue into the nextdecade. A further 20 departments will be vulnerable to close in the【S4】______next 10 years, and there is growing concern that the pace of decline【S5】______is set to quicken, according to Professor Mike Kelly, a former adviser on the Department for Education's steering group on languages and now head of the government-funded Routes into Languages programme co-ordinating attempts to increase the uptake of language degrees in England. Huge areas of the country are being left without any degree-level language courses, which in turn is decreasing the number of【S6】______language teachers in schools, compounding the crisis. Last week itemerged that A-level candidates for French and German fell to50%【S7】______between 1996 and 2012. The Foreign Office has become increasingly concerning about【S8】______the future of its diplomatic corps, with senior figures privatelyvoicing urgent concerns about the standard of their graduate【S9】______recruits. It has built its own languages school and is spending ￡ 1 ma year to bring the civil service upon to scratch.【S10】______

A unique social phenomenon exists exclusively in China—chunyun, or Spring Festival Travel Rush. The following excerpt is about how a foreign reporter views this issue. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the content of the excerpt; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Tootling back to the Village The lunar new year holiday shows the strength of rural ties. It is often described as the world's biggest recurring movement of people; a 40-day period spanning the lunar new year, during which astonishing numbers of people travel to join distant family members to celebrate the Spring Festival. Officials call this period chunyun, or spring transportation. The term evokes horror in the minds of many; trains are so jammed that the only place to sit is on lavatory floors. This year the projected number of journeys on public transport during chunyun, which will end on March 15th, is nearly 2. 9 billion, a 10% increase over the comparable period a year ago. Yet there are reasons to be a little less gloomy about what this entails. The numbers suggest that despite rapid urbanization, the pull of the countryside remains strong. Many of the journeys involve mingong, or peasant workers, as the nearly 300m migrants from the countryside who work in urban areas are often snootily called. Their families are often divided. Children stay in the villages, because a fragmented social-security system makes it difficult for migrants to enjoy subsidized education and health care in the cities. Many migrants think it a good idea that some relatives remain; the stay-behinds can help retain land-use rights which might come in handy for the migrants if urban work dries up. The authorities themselves are keen for migrants to keep this backstop. But migration patterns are changing. Wang Kan of the China Institute of Industrial Relations says that, during chunyun, trips between provinces have been declining. This is because migrants are often working closer to home, thanks to the relocation of some industries away from the coast to inland provinces where labour is cheaper. "We can see the emergence of more regional hubs," says Mr. Wang. No longer is the chunyun rush so concentrated in the biggest and wealthiest cities.Analyzing chunyun data is difficult. Xiaohui Liang of Renmin University of China says that companies have recently begun providing private long-distance coach transport for their workers. These trips do not get counted in official statistics. Other workers, he says, get counted twice if they go by train to a regional hub and from there continue by bus to their hometowns. A single worker doing this in both directions would account for four chunyun journeys. The growth of an urban middle class further complicates the picture. Journeys made by holiday tourists, with no rural reunion in mind, are on the rise. Researchers had long felt it safe to assume that trips taken on pricey high-speed trains were made by such travellers. But according to Mr. Wang, migrant workers are increasingly opting for the speed and comfort of the more expensive trains. This, he says, suggests that the purchasing power of migrants is on the rise. Some are even heading back to their villages in newly bought cars (perhaps with paying passengers to offset some of the cost). One source of data on this year's travel rush is Alibaba, an e-commerce firm which has analysed the sale of train tickets through Alitrip, its online travel business. In a new trend this year, the company says, some families are migrating in reverse for their holiday reunions. Alibaba says there has been a "tremendous increase" in the number of elderly parents travelling from their rural homes to industrial centres, such as the southern city of Guangzhou, to spend the festival with their children. That implies that some migrants are now proud enough of their new urban homes to begin showing off. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.