经过了几千年缓慢的各代人都几乎觉察不到的发展之后，城市正在突然迅速地向四面八方扩展开来。中国现在的城市人口每年以7％的速度在增长，而在大城市里则达到每年增长10％。仅举一个可以看得见的城市加速扩展的例子，上海目前每小时要增加十栋楼房和一百平方米的马路，且这个速度近几年并不会减慢。随着农村面积的逐步缩小，绝大多数人口正在向市区迁移，我们正在向城市化的社会发展。

In an effort to explain how most of language, which is not so directly relatable to meaning, derived from an onomatopoeic beginning, the discipline of etymology began. Through studyingthe derivational history of words(etymology)the naturalists tended to【M1】______demonstrate that the origin of all of language was ultimately relatable to words which directly reflected the meanings of their referents. The first philosophical forum on language eventually was【M2】______developed into a discussion on the regularity of language patterns.Two basic theoretical positions merged as explanatory frameworks【M3】______for language, that which opted for irregularity and that which insisted that language was essentially regular. From thepre-eminence of latter position it became popular to explain the【M4】______irregularities of language on the basis language somehow became【M5】______corrupted with proper usage through time; this theoretical position【M6】______regarded the older forms of language to be the pure forms.【M7】______ By the Nineteenth Century there was a severe reaction to the highly speculative nature of the philosophizing about the original language of man which had characterized much of the study oflanguage up until then. The interest was still historical, and the【M8】______goal was not so idealistic. It was a romantic era of a rediscovery of the national past; the mother tongues of nations and families of nations rather than the mother tongue of the whole human race became the focus of attention. The romantic nationalism was adefinite influence, but perhaps a more basic cause of the more real【M9】______goal was the reaction to previously unscientific speculations.【M10】______

她英语教得很好。

[此试题无题干]

名声、财产、知识等等是身外之物，人人都可求而得之。但没有人能够代替你感受人生。你死之后，没有人能够代替你再活一次。如果你真正意识到了这一点，你就会明白，活在世上，最重要的事就是活出你自己的特色和滋味来。你的人生是否有意义，衡量的标准不是外在的成功，而是你对人生意义的独特领悟和坚守，从而使你的自我闪放出个性的光华。

{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

北京既是一座有着厚重历史的城市，又是一座包容性很强的城市。千百年来，丰富的文化在这里交融整合、相映生辉，凝聚成别具韵味的京味文化。据考古发现：距今七十万年前，北京猿人曾生活在周口店地区的天然洞穴中，点燃了北京文明的第一缕生辉。当人类历史发展到距今1万年前时，北京地区开始出现原始居民点，后来，又伴随着社会生产力和文明的不断进步与发展，到了距今5000年前，人口密集的部落出现在这块土地上。 商周时期，北京地区演化出早期的城市——燕和蓟，春秋战国时期又建立了封建国家——燕国，虽然其最终被秦国吞并，但是这一地区经过长期发展，城市和人口均达到了一定规模。

Five Golden Rules for Giving Academic PresentationsAcademic presentations are different from the classroom presentations that students usually give. There are five golden rules for students who are about to prepare themselves for an academic presentation.I. RULE No. 1: don't begin with a(n)【T1】_____.【T1】______Reason: A. It won't improve the reception of the paperor the mood of the audience.B. It won't capture【T2】_____ of the audience.【T2】______II. RULE No. 2: don't ever underestimate【T3】_____.【T3】______Reason: It's an insult and injury to audience.Suggestion:a patronizing and superficial lecture is worse than a(n)【T4】_____ lecture.【T4】______III. RULE No. 3: respect【T5】_____.【T5】______Reason: The audience's mood won't improve if you【T6】_____.【T6】______Suggestion: Plan your time.【T7】_____ at the agreed time.【T7】______IV. RULE No. 4: don't【T8】_____ the whole field.【T8】______Reason: You don't need to begin by【T9】_____the whole prior content【T9】______of the discipline.Suggestion: Assume a reasonable amount of background; present whatcan be delivered in a reasonable amount of time.A rule of thumb:【T10】_____ minutes for each transparency【T10】______V. RULE No. 5: remember that you're an【T11】_____, not the defendant.【T11】______Reason: It's your【T12】_____ that are going to get scrutiny.【T12】______Suggestion: Be a vehicle, an advocate, a public defender.VI. Rule for Questions: Look forward to【T13】______.【T13】______Reason: When there is no question or questions are not hard, chances are:A. The audience is not thinking about what you said seriously;B. You are giving talks at events【T14】_____.【T14】______Suggestion: Listen to the question closely, and think.【T15】_____ if you don't know the answer.【T15】______

起初，我不理解。现在我才明白无论何时何地我们都不应该浪费时间。

A trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headline; " Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals. " The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers ofAmerica, received widely media attention. On NBC's Today Show,【S1】______Lea Thompson said, "According to a new online survey, one in 10teenagers has an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or【S2】______liquor over the Internet. More than a third think they can easily doit but nearly half think they won't get caught. " Several newspapers【S3】______mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The news even made Australia's Gold Coast Bulletin. Are millions of kids really buying booze online? To arrive that【S4】______shocking headline, the group used some questioning logic to pump【S5】______up the results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding【S6】______a large number of online buyer. For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand onlinesales of alcohol; its members are local distributors which compete【S7】______with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed outthat conflict of interest, though reports didn't delve more deeply【S8】______on how the numbers were computed.【S9】______ The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study.Teenage Research, in return, hired San Diego polling firm Luth【S10】______Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20 in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online and offering small cash awards—typically less than $5 for short surveys.

Our next task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on it as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with a discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge. Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another reliable; one effeminate and cowardly, another bold and violent; one sympathetic, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going-, one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on. Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, if you think about it, you will realize there are some ways of behaving that are supposed to be virtuous, but would lead to your downfall, and others that are supposed to be wicked, but will lead to your welfare and peace of mind.

At the time when the United States split off from Britain,there were proposals independence should be linguistically【S1】______acknowledged by the use of a different language from that of Britain. There was even one proposal that Americans should adoptHebrew. In the end, like everyone knows, the two countries【S2】______adopted the eminently practical and satisfactory solution of carrying on with the same language as before. For nearly twohundred years now, they have shown to the world that【S3】______independence and national identity can be complete with【S4】______sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language. Like religion, language is clearly a powerful unifying anddividing force. As we have seen, moreover, there is nothing about【S5】______language as such that makes linguistic identity conterminous with national identity. "If he speaks French, he is by no meansnecessary a Frenchman." French is not the private property of【S6】______Frenchmen, and still less is English the private property ofEnglishmen. Yet many of us still half-consciously feel that anyone【S7】______other than an Englishman uses English, we have a special right tocriticise his use because he has been privileged to deal something【S8】______which is in the Englishman's gift. We feel that he must necessarilylook to us for a "standard", because it is "his" language.【S9】______ It is high time that such naive notions about English are【S10】______firmly stopped. They do not even remotely correspond to linguistic realities and they can do nothing but harm to the cause of human relationships and international harmony.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

Thanks in no small part to Al Gore and his film producers, the American public is waking up to the seriousness of global warming.That is not so widely appreciated is that unless the US government【S1】______acted urgently and decisively, this problem could very quickly get【S2】______very much worse. For reasons both economic or political coal is poised to be the【S3】______fuel of choice in the coming decades as the US weans itself off foreign oil. Coal combustion generates half the US's electricity andreleases at 1. 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year. If present【S4】______trends continue, these figures will be more than double by 2050,much on to the detriment of the world's climate. Without an【S5】______alternative fuel, the only solution is to capture and store carbon dioxide from burning coal. Overcome the engineering obstacles in the way of large-scale【S6】______sequestration of carbon dioxide will be hard enough, and the bigger【S7】______challenge is one of political will. US companies as yet have noincentive to capture carbon emissions. While movements at state【S8】______and congressional levels are pushing in the right direction, the ambiguity in the administration's policy is counterproductive. It is time for the US government to put price on carbon【S9】______emissions so utilities that invest in technologies to reduce carbonemissions will see their efforts rewarding. Such a move would not【S10】______only reduce the risks associated with global warming, but also go a long way to restoring America's green credentials.

For a man who wants the world to slow down, Carl Honore's moment of clarity came in, of all places, an airport. The Canadian journalist was leafing through a newspaper at Rome's Fiumicino airport when he spotted an ad for a collection of condensed, one-minute bedtime stories for kids. At first Honore, a self-described" speedaholic", was delighted at the idea of a more efficient bedtime experience for his 2-year-old son. Then he was horrified. "Have I gone completely insane?" he asked himself, and realized the answer was "Probably." Out of that epiphany came a best-selling book and a whole new career for Honore as an international spokesman for the concept of leisure. "I'm attacking the whole cultural assumption that faster is better and we must cram every waking hour with things to do," says Honore, who now lives in London. In a world of bottom-line bosses and results-oriented parents, he dares speak up in favor of the unabridged fairy tale. It's a message people seem to want to hear. Since it appeared in April, In Praise of Slowness has been translated into 12 languages and sold some 60,000 copies, landing on best-seller lists in four countries; a British production company has bought television rights. Honore celebrates, perhaps a bit prematurely, a worldwide disillusionment with "the cult of speed". As evidence he cites the Slow Food rebellion against McDonald's that began in Italy and has spread its gospel of civilized dining and local products even to the unlikely precincts of New York and Chicago. In a world in which some parents send their offspring to prep courses for preschool, a growing number of schools around the world—about 800—are following the advice of the early 20th-century German educator Rudolf Steiner to encourage children to play and doodle to their hearts' content, putting off learning to read until as late as 7. In his own life, Honore has substituted meditation for tennis and for television; he has taken off his wristwatch, which means he's less worried about getting somewhere on time and can drive there without speeding. Oddly, though, Honore's book has yet to catch on in the country that arguably needs it most, the one that gave the world the assembly line and the one-minute manager. Chained to cell phones and BlackBerrys, fueled by junk food and forced to work ever longer hours as their employers cut jobs, frazzled American workers suffer from what the Seattle-based independent television producer John de Graaf called "affluenza" in his 2001 book of the same name. It is the collective malaise of a materialistic society that equates the good life with "the goods life. " By contrast, Europeans and even the famously efficient Japanese are more receptive. Slow Food held its second biennial gastronomic fair in Turin last month, drawing tens of thousands of visitors, including Prince Charles, who took a couple of hours out of a European tour to savor a pint of award-winning pale English ale. The Slow Cities movement has won the backing of municipal officials in more than 100 towns and cities in Europe, Japan and Brazil with a lengthy manifesto urging policies to reduce noise and traffic, preserve the local esthetic and gastronomic customs and establish more pedestrian zones and green spaces. The Society for the Deceleration of Time held its 14th annual meeting in Austria last month to promote what its organizers call" a more conscious way of living. "Mastering relaxation isn't something to attempt on your own, according to society member Christian Lackner. "When everyone is telling you to go faster, as an individual you do it," says Lackner. "You need a movement, a way of building a group of people who want to resist in order to make it easier to say, 'No, I won't'." Perhaps Americans need to be reassured that the slowness movement is not about fleeing to a cottage in rural Vermont. It's an effort to strike the right balance between work and leisure. A few enlightened companies like the accounting firm Ernst & Young are urging employees not to check their office e-mail and phone messages on weekends. Just as the election campaign reached a fever pitch in late October, leisure-minded Americans in 10 states were holding seminars on the perils of overwork and giving each other 15-minute massages on the second annual Take Back Your Time Day. The date was picked because the nine weeks that remained until the end of the year equal the amount of time the average American works in excess of his counterparts in Western Europe. For that matter, if you believe the message on their T shirts, the average American works longer than the average medieval peasant. But the premium on long hours and productivity continues to dominate the American workplace. Take Back Your Time has issued a six-point agenda for legislative action that would require employers to provide a minimum of three weeks' annual paid vacation and one week of paid sick leave. But—in contrast to the widespread support these efforts have in European countries—only Sen. Edward Kennedy's office has expressed interest in the proposals. For the foreseeable future Americans are pretty much on their own in the revolt against the cult of speed.

冬天您若怕冷的话可以到没有酷暑和严冬的“春城”——昆明，那里有引人入胜的石林和滇池，还可以到西双版纳去欣赏亚热带风光。也可以去桂林，沿着漓江顺水而下到阳朔，“桂林山水甲天下，阳朔山水甲桂林”，这个旅游项目不会使你失望。 没有见过冰雪的港澳同胞，不妨在一二月份去哈尔滨，那里是冰雪的世界，可以观雪景，看冰灯，滑雪，滑冰。

不爱红装爱武装。

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

How to Write a Dissertation I. Two necessary preparationsA. Planning【T1】 1【T1】 2B. The【T2】 3 of balanced life【T2】 4all you have to do: devote time to physical, social,intellectual,【T3】 5 well-being【T3】 6II. The general ideaA. A thesis is a hypothesis or conjectureB. A dissertation is a lengthy,【T4】 7【T4】 81. Scientific methodThe scientific method needs a【T5】 9 of evidence【T5】 10— to support a hypothesis— to deny a hypothesis2.【T6】 11【T6】 12— the essence of a dissertation— a dissertation【T7】 13 principles【T7】 143. Supporting materialsA dissertation must【T8】 15 every statement with a【T8】 16reference or original work— It does not repeat details of published materials— It uses the results as fact III. Learning from the exerciseA Getting trained to【T9】 17 with other scientists【T9】 18B. Learning to think deeply IV. Definitions and terminologyA Each technical term must be defined— by a reference to a definition【T10】 19【T10】 20— by a precise, unambiguous definition beforea)the term is used for a new termb)a standard term used in an unusual wayB. Each term should be used in one and only one way throughout the dissertationV. Language pointsA. Good writing is【T11】 21 in a dissertation【T11】 22B. Using active constructionsC. Writing in the【T12】 23tense【T12】 24D.【T13】 25negation early【T13】 26E. Paying attention to【T14】 27【T14】 28VI. Key to success:【T15】 29【T15】 30 How to Write a Dissertation I. Two necessary preparationsA. Planning【T1】 31【T1】 32B. The【T2】 33 of balanced life【T2】 34all you have to do: devote time to physical, social,intellectual,【T3】 35 well-being【T3】 36II. The general ideaA. A thesis is a hypothesis or conjectureB. A dissertation is a lengthy,【T4】 37【T4】 381. Scientific methodThe scientific method needs a【T5】 39 of evidence【T5】 40— to support a hypothesis— to deny a hypothesis2.【T6】 41【T6】 42— the essence of a dissertation— a dissertation【T7】 43 principles【T7】 443. Supporting materialsA dissertation must【T8】 45 every statement with a【T8】 46reference or original work— It does not repeat details of published materials— It uses the results as fact III. Learning from the exerciseA Getting trained to【T9】 47 with other scientists【T9】 48B. Learning to think deeply IV. Definitions and terminologyA Each technical term must be defined— by a reference to a definition【T10】 49【T10】 50— by a precise, unambiguous definition beforea)the term is used for a new termb)a standard term used in an unusual wayB. Each term should be used in one and only one way throughout the dissertationV. Language pointsA. Good writing is【T11】 51 in a dissertation【T11】 52B. Using active constructionsC. Writing in the【T12】 53tense【T12】 54D.【T13】 55negation early【T13】 56E. Paying attention to【T14】 57【T14】 58VI. Key to success:【T15】 59【T15】 60