Whatdoesthewomanmean?

{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} When a 13-year-old Virginia girl started sneezing, her parents thought it was merely a cold. But when the sneezes continued for hours, they called in a doctor. Nearly two months later the girl was still sneezing, thousands of times a day, and her case had attracted worldwide attention. Hundreds of suggestions, ranging from "put a clothes pin on her nose" to "have her stand on her head" poured in. But nothing did any good. Finally, she was taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital where Dr. Leo Kanner, one of the world's top authorities on sneezing, solved the baffling (难以理解的) problem with great speed. He used neither drugs nor surgery, curiously enough, the clue for the treatment was found in an ancient superstition about the amazing bodily reaction we call the sneeze. It was all in her mind, he said, a view which Aristotle, some 3,000 years earlier, would have agreed with heartily. Dr. Kanner simply gave a modem psychological interpretation to the ancient belief that too much sneezing was an indication that the spirit was troubled; and he began to treat the girl accordingly. "Less than two days in a hospital room, a plan for better scholastic and vocational adjustment, and reassurance about her unreasonable fear of tuberculosis quickly changed her from a sneezer to an ex-sneezer," he reported. Sneezing has always been a subject of wonder, awe and puzzlement. Dr. Kanner has collected thousands of superstitions concerning it. The most universal one is the custom of begging for the blessing of God when a person sneezes—a practice Dr. Kanner traces back to the ancient belief that a sneeze was an indication that the sneezer was possessed of an evil spirit. Strangely, people over the world still continue the custom with the traditional, "God bless you" or its equivalent. When scientists look at the sneeze, they see a remarkable mechanism which, without any conscious help from you, takes on a job that has to be done. When you need to sneeze you sneeze, this being nature's clever way of getting rid of an annoying object from the nose. The object may be just some dust in the nose which nature is striving to remove.

{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} My family and I recently returned from a trip to Alaska, a place that combines supernatural beauty with a breathtaking amount of bear risks. I'll start with some facts at a glance: WHERE ALASKA IS: Way the hell far from you. Beyond Mars. HOW YOU GET THERE: You sit in a variety of airplanes for most of your adult life. WHAT THEY HAVE THERE THAT WILL TRY TO KILL YOU: Bears. I am quite serious about this. Although Alaska is now an official state in the United States with modem conveniences such as rental cars and frozen yogurt, it also allows a large number of admitted bears to stride freely, and nobody seems to be the least bit alarmed about this. In fact, the Alaskans seem to be proud of it. You walk into a hotel or department store, and the first thing you see is a glass case containing a stuffed bear the size of a real one. Our hotel had two of these. It was what we travel writers call "a two-bear hotel". Both bears were standing on their hind legs and striking a pose that said: "Welcome to Alaska! I'm going to tear your arms off!" This struck me as an odd concept, greeting visitors with a showcase containing a major local hazard. It's as if an anti-drug organization went around setting up glass display cases containing stuffed drug smugglers (走私者), with little plaques (胸章) stating how much they weighed and where they were taken. Anyway, we decided the best way to deal with our fear of bears was to become well informed about them, so we bought a book, Alaska Bear Tales. Here are some of the chapter titles, which I am not making up: "They'll Attack Without Warning" "They'll Really Attack You" "They Will Kill" "Come Quick! I'm Being Eaten by a Bear!" "They Can Be Funny" Ha-ha! I bet they can. I bet Mr. and Mrs. Bear will fight playfully over the remaining portion of a former tourist plumped up by airline food. But just the same, I'm glad that the only actual bears that we saw were in the zoo.

{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Today men are facing new expectations and new choices about their commitments to society, family, and work. No longer what goals they should pursue, much less how they should pursue them, many men have found themselves in a no-man's land, searching for new meanings and definitions of maturity. In interviews I conducted with 138 men from diverse social and economic background. 36 percent defined their family and work commitments in terms of primary breadwinning, and 30 percent chose to eschew parenthood or to avoid involvement with children they had brought into the world. However, about 33 percent had moved toward more rather than less family involvement over the course of their lives. These men develop an outlook on parenthood that included caretaking as well as economic support. They represent a growing group of fathers, most of whom arc married to work-committed women and have an egalitarian approach toward marriage and family commitments. Such men ,whom I call "involved fathers", are demonstrating a capacity, a willingness, and an enthusiasm for parenting not seen in their fathers' and grandfathers' generations. An involved lather, however, is not necessarily an equal father. Though men's domestic participation has increased in recent year, his involvement has not kept in pace with women's rapidly rising commitment to paid employment. A persistent" housework gap" has left most women with more work and less leisure time than their male counterparts. It may be tempting to focus on the fact that, even among men who support equality, their involvement as fathers remains a far distance from what most women want and most children need. Yet it is also important to acknowledge how far and how fast many men have moved toward a pattern that not long ago virtually all men considered anathema. One recent survey found that 73 percent of a group of randomly selected fathers agreed that "their families are the most important facet of their lives"; 87 percent agreed that "dad is as vital as mom in raising kids. "The cballenge is to create the social and cultural arrangements that would enable men to uphold these beliefs more easily.

{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one ,and there are extremely strong and powerful political pressures to keep it that way. Any attempt to redistribute wealth and income in the United States will inevitably be opposed by powerful middle and upper class interests. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor. As Herbert Gans (1973) has pointed out, poverty is actually functional from the point of view of the non-poor. Poverty ensures that" dirty" work gets done. If there were, no poor people to scrub floors and empty waste, these jobs would have to be rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them. Poverty creates jobs for many of the non-poor, such as police officers, welfare workers, pawnbrokers, and government bureaucrats. Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cooks, gardeners, and other workers to perform basic chores while their employers enjoy more, pleasurable activities. Poverty provides a market for inferior goods and services, such as day-old bread, run-down automobiles, or the advice of incompetent physicians and lawyers. Poverty makes middle-class values seem acceptable. To the middle class, the fate of the poor — who are supposed to lack the virtues of thrift, honesty, and a taste for hard work — only confirms the desirability of qualities the poor are thought to lack. Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb the costs of change. For example, the poor suffer the main part or force of unemployment caused by automaton, and it is their homes, not those of the wealthy, that are demolished when a route has to be found for a new highway. There is no intentional, conscious "secret plan" of the wealthy to keep the poor in poverty. It is just that poverty is an inevitable outcome of the American economic system; which the poor are politically powerless to influence change.

{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} There was one thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and heavy automobile traffic. At present, we realize that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the east of the United States and brought health warnings in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be infected by air pollution. Some scientists consider that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil)is creating a "greenhouse effect"—conserving heat reflected from the earth and raising the world's average temperature. If this view is correct and the world's temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be in water. Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature—a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. Today we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report drafted by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very possible). Perhaps, if we are lucky enough, the two tendencies will {{U}}offset{{/U}} each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now. Driven by economic profit, people neglect the damage on our environment caused by the "advanced civilization". Maybe the air pollution is the price the human beings have to pay for their development. But is it really worthwhile?

Text In post-war America, other groups sought their place on America’s campuses, too. The 1 of women in higher education began to increase. Black and Hispanic 2 demand an end 3 segregation in elementary and 4 education—and thus an equal opportunity to get into college. (In the United States the 5 "minority" has two meanings, often 6 : (1)A minority is any ethnic or racial group that 7 a small percentage of the total 8 ; (2)The term also 9 a group that has less political power than the 10 .) By the 1960s, college 11 special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities 12 every level, for all groups. Some of these plans were called "affirmative action programs". Their goal was to make up for past 13 by giving special preference 14 members of minorities seeking jobs or 15 to college. Some colleges, for example, sponsored programs to help minority students prepare for college while 16 in high school. By the 1970s, the United States government stood firmly 17 such goals, it required colleges and universities receiving public 18 to practise some form of affirmative action. But when colleges began to set 19 (fixed numbers) of minority students to be admitted, many Americans (including minority citizens) 20 . They felt that this was another form of discrimination. …

Text American 1 groups are afraid 2 competing with Chinese imports, because more and more American consumers begin to find Chinese goods a much cheaper 3 . So they 4 this political view that China’s rapid growth is not a blessing 5 all concerned. Instead it was being thought as a force threatening other Asia 6 and America’s too. President George W. Bush "encourages the 7 of money, industrial capacity and technology to China that will 8 its development but will threaten the US and its 9 ", charges William Hawkins, a supporter 10 protecting US business and industry. Then there’s also people saying that China’s 11 is basically 12 every one else’s loss. An increasingly globalized and modernized nation of 1.3 billion is not a win-win for almost everyone. It’s a losing situation for every-one, 13 for China. That’s absurd, I think. Sure, China’s 14 in Asia are 15 about Chinese competition and they know they have to work 16 in order to compete with China. 17 , it is unnecessarily sending scare by imagining that economic growth will be greatly reduced, domestic stock markets will get 18 and employment levels will become lower. Certainly, China’s economic progress will cause some 19 moments. But, on the whole, Asia and the rest of the world will benefit 20 China’s success.

Atwhattimedoestheboyarriveatschoolaccordingtohimself?

The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone's daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.

About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a young boy sat down at the next table．I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation．At one point，the woman asked："So, how have you been?"And the boy —who could not have been more than seven or eight years old—replied，"Frankly, I've been feeling a little depressed lately．" This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing．As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn't find out we were"depressed"until we were in high school． The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years． Children don't seem childlike any more．Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to． Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different． Childhood as it once was no longer exists．Why? Human development is based not only on innate(天生的)biological states，but also on patterns of access to social knowledge．Movement from one social role to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status．Children have always been taught adult secrets，but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders． In the last 30 years，however, a machine that reveals secret has been installed in 98 percent of American homes．It is called television．Television passes information, and indiscriminately(不加区分地)，to all viewers alike, be they children or adults．Unable to resist the temptation，many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging，more vivid moving pictures． Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access．Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practiced．Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials．

Last week ,on a flight to Washington, I met a self-assured businessman who asked me about my profession when sitting himself comfortably next to me. I told him that I am an educator, and for twelve years I have been trying to develop and promote critical thinking about learning in general education. "That must be the most difficult task in the world ! "He thought for a moment. "Why do you do this?" I talked about how I had started teaching geography. I told him about the struggles of being a headmaster. And then I told him what I have come to regard as my real turning-point experience. It was back in 1984,when I visited what was known at the time as one of the most outstanding high schools on the Eastern seaboard. After two days there I was totally amazed. I had never met such a fine collection of young people, every one of them apparently confident, enthusiastic, sensitive and well able to manage their futures. I asked head of the school how this had been achieved and he smiled broadly. "We believe in functional literacy for all young people; that is, the ability to feel confident that you can handle the cballenges of modern society. That confidence comes when you know that you are able to manage your own learning and will be able to handle that throughout a lifetime. And that, "he concluded, "requires the highest possible skills in thinking, communicating, collaborating and decision-making." "But, for goodness' sake, those are just the skills I'm looking for among my employees," cried my companion. "That's just what industry's been trying to tell the academic world for years. Instead of listening, you continue to keep going a set of practices which are counter-productive to those very skills needed in employment. You teachers think that life is about working alone on some piece of academic research in an ivory tower far removed from the daily routines and the need to consult other people. You just don't understand about working with confusion, nor do you accept the importance of use based on experience or even plain guesswork ! This is the real world. There are real issues. What are you or anyone else going to do about just that?/

Whatdoesthewomanthinkofherwork?[A]It'sattractive.[C]It'simportant.[B]It'sexciting.[D]It'sboring.

{{B}}Directions：{{/B}} Read the following text．Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1． Life insurance is one way to make sure a man's family will have enough money to carry on after his death．The family must have money to {{U}}(26) {{/U}} various costs． Life insurance premiums are based on the{{U}} (27) {{/U}} of time the insurance company {{U}}(28) {{/U}} the policyholder to live．A young person in good health {{U}}(29) {{/U}} a small premium because he is expected to {{U}}(30) {{/U}} yearly payments for a long time． There are several different kinds of life insurance．{{U}} (31) {{/U}} Mr．Smith(30 years old), buys a$50,000{{U}} (32) {{/U}} life insurance policy on a whole life{{U}} (33) {{/U}} ．This means he can keep the policy in force{{U}} (34) {{/U}} he lives．When he dies，the insurance company will pay his family $50,000．Mr．Smith might have been able to save this {{U}}(35) {{/U}} or more in a savings bank．{{U}} (36) {{/U}} if he died unexpectedly at {{U}}(34) {{/U}} , he probably would not have had time or enough money to save$50,000． If at any time Mr．Smith decides to{{U}} (37) {{/U}} his policy the company will pay him the policy's cash {{U}}(38) {{/U}} ．The cash value is part of the amount Mr．Smith has paid {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the policy．When he takes the policy out，he is told {{U}}(40) {{/U}} its cash value is at that time．Some policies are designed to {{U}}(41) {{/U}} valued more quickly than other policies． Mr．Smith can also borrow against the cash value {{U}}(42) {{/U}} giving up his policy． But he has to pay {{U}}(43) {{/U}} on the loan because the money comes from the insurance company．If he should die, the amount of the loan is{{U}} (44) {{/U}} from the insurance．It is a good idea to borrow like this only{{U}} (45) {{/U}} an emergency and to repay the loan as soon as possible．

{{B}}Part A{{/B}} {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now look at question 1.{{/I}}

填空题Chris Roddy

填空题Kevin

填空题Marsh Cassady: Expect to be the most-hated mother in school because I will not allow my child to have a TV in his/her own room. I will also not use the TV as an electronic" babysitter" as so many parents do. It's not my place to judge others, but I just don't feel it is right for a child to sit and stare for horns on end when he could be playing or participating in other activities that are much more appropriate and stimulating.Benjamin Harrison: A lot of parents are not allowing their children any TV at all until they are much older. The reason is that the constant angle change of the camera produces passivity in children. They then expect life to be as "fast and change pace at the level that the TV does. There was once a cartoon where a child picks up a toy and says, "What does it do?" That's the problem with TV and young children. It steals their imaginations.Robert MacNell: TV is not that bad, but it's not that good either. It has its pros and cons. The word here would be" Control". Got to learn how to have it in moderate amounts, and confirm the information that is gathered. I love TV because it improves my English speaking skills; it tells me different accents of different persons in different countries when speaking it. It makes me laugh sometimes. Discovery channel would be great.David Naster: Basically, I feel freer without a television in my house. I just feel there is something more natural about life without the glowing screens, and when I go several months with no exposure to TV, it feels like I have stepped out of a fishbowl. Of course, to people who watch TV ,the perception may be just the opposite — I do not live in a fishbowl because I have exiled myself from the TV culture that so many share.Adrienne Popper: I watch all types of sitcoms, news, talk shows, documentaries, etc.., in English, Spanish, and a little in German, with a notebook and a pen beside the set, taking notes OFF slang, idiomatic expressions, course words, everything teenagers ask me in the classroom (I mean in English classes ). Otherwise I wouldn't have access to these things. We don't have many natives at hand to help with them, books won't bring them, so TV is my everyday assistant. Now match each of the persons ( 61. to 65) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements[A] TV program is not helpful for the creation of children's imagination.[B] Life without TV is freer and more natural.[C] Watching TV makes one feel relaxed.[D] Instead of watching TV, children should take part in other activities.[E] TV program is a good source of education.[F] There are advantages and disadvantages for TV.[G] TV is beneficial to child-care for mothers.

填空题Dr. Shen Yushun

填空题Mr Mike Smith: It wasn't an easy decision, but we've been asking for a decent wage for years. Now at last people are beginning to listen to us. We're only asking for a 25 percent increase in our wages. 250 dollars a week. That's all. It's pity so many people have to be inconvenienced by our strike. But please don't blame us. Blame the government for refusing our claim. Mr Tom Brown: It's totally unreasonable to demand so much money when we are trying desperately to control inflation. If wages go up, so do prices. If we gave in to the electricity workers, all the other unions would want more, with the inevitable result that the crisis would become uncontrollable. What we're trying to impress upon everybody is that inflation hurts everybody, especially the poor people. We offer the electricity workers a 10 percent increase. And that's already too much. My stand at this meeting will be to persuade the Union to see reason. Mr Bob Davis: Everybody will be hurt by this strike, including the electricity workers themselves. The economy will be destroyed and many people will lose their jobs. Already people are saying that the big unions have too much power and shouldn't be allowed to strike. Of course the electricity want to get more money. Don't we all? Mr Baker: My opinion is "Get the Army in". All the power stations should be managed by the army. The strikers should be thrown into prison. That's what this country needs. Why must we all suffer just because a few men are greedy? If they don't like their jobs, nobody's forcing them to work. They should try and live on 50 dollars a week like I have to. Perhaps they'd keep their mouths shut then. Miss Slater: Let's face it. It's neither here nor there. The electricity workers are in a strong position. Perhaps we can't do anything about it. What I say is: let them have their 250 dollars so we can return to work. I mean, the government wastes the taxpayers' money all the time on trivial things. How can anyone say 250 dollars is "too much"? Pop singers get more. Nurses get less. It's just one of those things. Statements[A] A 10% increase is already too much, and I'm here to persuade the Union to see reason.[B] I hope that strikes should be banned in all sectors relating to the nation's security and stability.[C] We will never go back to work until our goals are achieved.[D] I think that the government should give in to the electricity worker's demands.[E] I strongly suggest that all the power stations should be run by the army and that the strikers should be put into prison.[F] I must take you clear that strikes will destroy the economy and that many people will lose their jobs.[G] We are forced to call a strike because the government rejected our wage claim.