单选题The agreement between countries must be instituted ______.

单选题 Popular education in England started as a social welfare as well as an educational service. Robert Raikes, who opened the first Sunday School in 1780, and the two bodies of religious and philanthropic people who provided all the day schools until 1870, were inspired to act by two motives--one was shame at the existence in a great country like England of children and many adults who could not read or write, and the other was concern at the conditions which the industrial revolution had provided for the swarms of children who inhabited the new towns. This approach to popular education was not the same in other countries. In Prussia, Switzerland, France and in the U. S. A. , the duty to see that future citizens were educated was recognized as that of the State, and public money was allotted to it much earlier than in England. Although the churches in some of these countries were associated with the State system--since religion was recognized to have an important share in the upbringing of the young--the prime motive force was education. The doctrines of the French Revolution were mainly responsible on the Continent for a first approach to educational opportunity, but these doctrines did not meet with the approval of the governing classes in this country. No statesman here at the beginning of the nineteenth century would have echoed Thomas Jefferson's famous saying of 1812 that "if a nation expects to be both free and ignorant it expects what never was and never can be in a state of civilization". The most our leaders achieved was the reluctant recognition, sixty years later, that "we must educate our masters". But if we were later than other nations in realizing the importance of popular education, our system has gained something from its dual (double) origin. We have, sooner than other countries, realized that education is not merely instruction, that schools are places where the very young children can be cared for, and that all children have bodies as well as minds.

单选题We have lived in the house since our family ______ into the city. [A] moved [B] was moving [C] has moved

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单选题{{I}} Questions 17～20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17～20.{{/I}}

单选题Learning for Its Own Sake For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences) , and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will take shortly. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and consubstantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical and the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well - known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modem electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.

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单选题It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $ 7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to read it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

单选题______ is the key to prevent travelers from feeling angry.

单选题 {{I}} Questions 11-13 are based on apiece of news. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.{{/I}}

单选题 Questions 17—20 are based on the following monologue.

单选题The tango has probably traveled further and gone through more changes than almost 1 . African slaves brought the tango to Haiti and Cuba in the 18th century; in Cuba, the tango was influenced by the local Cuban dance, 2 "the Havana". From there 3 took the tango in Argentina in the 19th century, 4 it was changed once again and became popular in the 5 . It was an erotic dance of working class people by this time. 6 made it difficult for middle-class Europeans to accept. 7 at the beginning of this century, the tango was refined, so that it 8 its erotic features. It was preformed in 9 casino ballrooms. The tango, in its sophisticated European 10 , became popular in England and in the USA. Once 11 , the tango became the rage in London and Paris. People began to 12 the Viennese waltz custom of dancing in restaurants between the 13 of a meal Proprietors 14 this, "for the pleasure of the customers and for the benefit of their digestion"! After "tango teas" 15 everywhere, even in private houses, Latin American music was played for the tango, 16 more and more people owned gramphones. The tango returned in 17 in a freer, more exotic form than 18 . Rudolph Valentino, the Holly-wood film star, began his 19 as a professional tango partner in American tea-rooms. Valentino 20 immortalized the dance on film.

单选题The main attraction of training mature elephants is______.