单选题You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece once only.

单选题{{I}} Questions 17-20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read the questions 17-20{{/I}}

单选题At around 1.65 million years ago, another early human, Homo ergaster, started to create tools in a slightly different fashion. This so-called Acheulean tradition was the tool-making technology used for nearly the entire stone Age, and practiced until i00,000 years ago. Acheulean tools, such as hand axes arid cleavers, were larger and more sophisticated than their predecessors. They may have been status symbols as well as tools. Homo ergaster first appeared in Africa around 2 million years ago and in many ways resembled us. Though they had brow ridges, they had lost the stoop and long arms of their ancestors. They may have been even more slender than us and were probably well-adapted to running long distances. Some experts believe that they were the first to sport largely hairless bodies, and to sweat, though anther theory puts our hairlessness down to an aquatic phase. One famous example of a more modern looking early human is the Turkana boy, a teenager when he died, 1.6 million years ago in Kenya. The shape of this fossil showed that the human pelvis had reached today's narrow prop0rtions. Combined with the growing size of the human head and brain, this had far-reaching implications: human women now need help for a successful birth and human babies are born earlier, and need a longer period of childhood care, than those of apes. Meat- eating, however, may have allowed us to become early weaners. H. ergaster may have been the first early human to leave Africa. Bones dated to around 1.75 million years ago have been found in Damanisi in Georgia. Shortly afterwards, Home erectus appeared—the first early human whose fossils have been seen in large numbers outside of Africa. The first specimen discovered, a single cranium, was unearthed in Indonesia in 1891. H. erectus was highly successful, spreading to much of Asia between 1.8 and 1.5 million years ago, and surviving as recently as 27,000 years ago. This species, with a brain volume of around 1,000 cm, would have interacted with modern humans. They may have been the first people to take to the seas and habitually hunt prey such as mammoths and wild horses, although there is some debate about this. They may also have harnessed the use of fire and built the first shelters. In 2004, the remains of a tiny and mysterious human species, that may have lived as recently as 13,000 years ago, was discovered on an Indonesian island. More bones of the "hobbit", or Homo floresiensis, were uncovered in 2005 Some studies suggest it had an advanced brain and was unequivocally a separate species—but others argue that these people were modern humans suffering from a genetic disorder.

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单选题The purpose of the author in mentioning the three researches is to ______.

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that scientists are currently making efforts to observe which of the following events?

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} It was unfortunate that, after so trouble-free an arrival, he should stumble in the dark as he was rising and severely twist his ankle on a piece of rock. After the first shock the pain became bearable, and he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best he could. The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently. The pine needles lay several inches deep, so he simply piled them on top of the parachute, cutting the short twigs that he could feel around his legs, and spreading them on top of the needles. He had great doubts about whether it would stay buried, but there was very little else that he could do about it. After limping for some distance in an indirect course away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his powers. He moved more and more slowly, walking in long sideways movements across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones. By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking. Mist hung in soft sheets across the fields. Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church, whose pointed tower high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning. "I can't go much farther," John Harding thought, "Someone is bound to find me, but what can I do? I must get a rest before I go on. They'll look for me first up there on the mountain where the plane crashed. I bet they're outlooking for it already and they're bound to find the chute in the end. I can't believe they won't. So they'll know I'm not dead and must be somewhere. They'll think I'm hiding up there in the trees and rocks so they'll look for me there. So I'll go down to the village. With luck by the evening my foot will be good enough to get me to the border." Far above him on the mountainside he could hear the faint echo of voices, startling him after great silence. Looking up he saw lights like little pinpoints moving across the face of the mountain in the gray light. But the road was deserted, and he struggled along, still almost invisible in the first light, easing his aching foot whenever he could, avoiding stones and rough places, and limping quietly and painfully towards the village. He reached the church at last. A great need for peace almost drew him inside, but he knew that would not do. Instead, he limped along its walls towards a very old building standing a short distance from the church doors. It seemed to have been there for ever, as if it had the church. John Harding pushed open the heavy wooden door and slipped inside.

单选题Questions 11-13 are based on the following dialogue on arranging a holiday.

单选题The word "institutions"(in Para. 12) probably refers to ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were. both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were private, business and pleasure purposed. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence of Barnum's City Hotel in Baltimore, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political Conventions were held there. In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the 'representatives of all kinds of groups—not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and. vocational ones—in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons. Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public", they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by this high social position.

单选题Whatsubjectdoesthemanteach?[A]English.[B]Maths.[C]Chinese.

单选题 Questions 14-17 are based on a lecture in a college class. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 14-17.

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} Most scientists blame people, at least in part, for global warming. Now, some researchers say people may be partly to blame for the cooling of Antarctica as well. While average global temperatures have risen about one degree Fahrenheit over the past century, Antarctica over all appears to have cooled slightly in the past few decades. That has been puzzling, because the polar regions are thought to be more sensitive to warming trends than the rest of the globe. Even more puzzling, a small portion of Antarctica--the peninsula that stretches north toward South America--defies the cooling trend. It has been warming very rapidly, about five degrees over the past 50 years, 10 times the global average. Writing in today' s issue of the journal Science, Dr. David Thompson, a professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University, and Dr. Susan Solomon, a senior scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Boulder, Colo., argue that the ozone hole, which has opened up each spring over Antarctica in recent years, may help explain both contradictory trends. A vortex of winds continually blows around Antarctica, tending to trap cold air at the South Pole. In the new paper, Dr. Thompson and Dr. Solomon show that the winds have strengthened in the past few decades, keeping the cold air even more confined. The peninsula, which lies outside the wind vortex, escapes the cooling effect, the scientists said. They say the ozone hole may be the cause of the stronger winds. Close to the ground, ozone, a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms, forms a large and unhealthy component of smog. High in the atmosphere, however, nature occurring ozone is essential for life, blocking ultraviolet rays that would fatally mangle DNA. However, fewer ozone molecules mean the atmosphere absorbs less ultraviolet radiation. Instead of warming the air, the rays bounce off the snow and ice of Antarctica and reflect back into space. Scientists already knew that the ozone hole had cooled the upper atmosphere. Dr. Thompson and Dr. Solomon show that the troposphere, the lowest six miles of the atmosphere, has also cooled. "It' s a lot of food for thought in there," said Dr. John Walsh, a professor of atmospheric science at the University of Illinois and an author of a paper in Science in January that indicated Antarctica was cooling. He noted that the ozone hole was usually largest in November or December, but that the greatest cooling had been about six months later.

单选题According to the author, business expansion for the period under review was caused largely by

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单选题 People in the United States in the nineteenth century were {{U}}(21) {{/U}} by the {{U}}(22) {{/U}} that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social {{U}}(23) {{/U}} . In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy {{U}}(24) {{/U}} a period of {{U}}(25) {{/U}} and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. {{U}}(26) {{/U}} that growth was a structural change that {{U}}(27) {{/U}} by increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth century. As the population grew, its {{U}}(28) {{/U}} also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility--downward as well as upward-- {{U}}(29) {{/U}} almost everyone. Local studies {{U}}(30) {{/U}} that nearly three-quarters of the population in the North and South, the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West changed their residence each decade. As a {{U}}(31) {{/U}} , historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society", and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special {{U}}(32) {{/U}} for women because these changes tended to {{U}}(33) {{/U}} social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. In the {{U}}(34) {{/U}} of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the {{U}}(35) {{/U}} lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a {{U}}(36) {{/U}} of tranquillity and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly {{U}}(37) {{/U}} than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was {{U}}(39) {{/U}} in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was {{U}}(40) {{/U}} between husbands and wives.