单选题He found it even harder ______ . A. getting to sleep B. got to sleep C. to get to sleep

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单选题Nowadays, our society is being reshaped by information technologies—computers, telecommunications networks, and other digital systems. Of course, our society has gone through other periods of dramatic change before, driven by such innovations as the steam engine, railroad, telephone, and automobile. But never before have we experienced technologies that are evolving so rapidly, altering the constraints of time and space, and reshaping the way we communicate, learn, and think. The rapid development of digital technologies creates not only more opportunities for the society but challenges to it as well. Institutions of every stripe are grappling to respond by adapting their strategies and activities. It is no exaggeration to say that information technology is completely changing the relationship between people and knowledge. But ironically, at the most knowledge-based entities—the colleges and universities—the pace of transformation has been relatively modest. Although research has been transformed by information technology in many ways, and it is increasingly used for student and faculty communications, other higher-education functions have remained almost unchanged. For example, teaching largely continues to follow a classroom-centered, seat-based paradigm. However, some major technology-aided teaching experiments are emerging, and some factors suggest that digital technologies may eventually drive significant change throughout academia. American academia has undergone significant change before. The establishment of secular education began during the 18th century and the Land-Grant College Act of 1862 resulted in another transformation. That Act created institutions serving agriculture and industries; academia was no longer just for the wealthy but charged with providing educational opportunities to the working class as well. Around the year of 1900, the introduction of graduate education began to expand the role of the university in training students for careers both scholarly and professional. Higher education has already experienced significant technology-based change, even if it currently lags other sectors in some areas. We expect that the new technology will eventually impose a profound impact on university"s teaching by freeing the classroom from its physical and temporal bounds and by providing students with access to original source materials and that new learning communities driven by information technology will allow universities to better teach students how to be critical analyzers and consumers of information. The information society has greatly expanded the need for university-level education; lifelong learning is not only a private good for those who pursue it but also a social good in terms of our nation"s ability to maintain a vibrant democracy and support a competitive workforce.

单选题Queuing is nothing special in Japan. Every day, television programs show long lines of people queuing for up to one hour even in front of regular noodle shops, only to finish their food within less than ten minutes. Why Japanese people queue so often? Do they love it? Probably they do. According to Japanese people, just like an excessively high price can evoke an image of equally high quality, long waiting lines act as an indicator for popularity, reduce availability and increase the subjective value of a good. Thus, for many Japanese customers, waiting lines are probably the most effective advertisement. For example, in an article published in The Japan Times in summer 2007, a Japanese woman confessed that she enjoyed queuing outside shops and restaurants and that she usually joined the line before asking the person in front of her what kind of product was sold. Standing in line also increases and extends anticipation until—yatto! (finally!)—patience is rewarded with the desired product. But when taken to an extreme level, the product one is actually queuing for ceases to be of any importance at all. There are also some customers who are unable to queue or who are unwilling to wait, thinking it"s a waste of time queuing in a line. What could they do? They can rent a queuer who will stand in line and purchase the desired product for them. Obviously, this service is not free of charge. Some service companies who offer all kinds of unusual service provide rentable "queuers". What"s more, in addition to providing queuers to individuals, the service companies also provide queuers to some shops to increase the image of a hard-to-get product and make customers want to join the line by forming or extending lines. Therefore, waiting lines have become a marketing tool and it would not be surprising to find professional queuers in a line. Some people view it a pure speculation, but they can"t deny that it really works and the wage of a few professional queuers to keep the line in shape would be a minor investment compared with what would happen if the queue suddenly disappeared. However, success is not always guaranteed because the attractiveness of waiting in line can easily backfire if the desired product does not meet expectations.

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单选题According to the passage, what is one major component of Jupiter?

单选题It was not "the comet of the century" experts predicted it might be. However, Kohoutek has provided a bonanza of scientific information. It was first spotted 370 million miles from Earth, by an astronomer who was searching the sky for asteroids, and after whom the comet was named. Scientists who tracked Kohoutek the ten months before it passed the Earth predicted the comet would be a brilliant spectacle. But Kohoutek fell short of these predictions, disappointing millions of amateur sky watchers, when it proved too pale to be seen with the unaided eye. Researchers were very happy nonetheless with the new information they were able to glean from their investigation of file comet. Perhaps the most significant discovery was the identification of two important chemical compounds -- methyl cyanide and hydrogen cyanide -- never before seen in comets, but found it the far reaches of interstellar space. This discovery revealed new clues about the origin of comets. Most astronomers agree that comets are primordial remnants from the formation of the solar system, but whether they were born between Jupiter and Neptune or much farther out toward interstellar space has been the subject of much debate. If compounds no more complex than ammonia and methane, key components of Jupiter, were seen in comets, it would suggest that comets form within the planetary orbits. But more complex compounds, such as the methyl cyanide found in Kohoutek, point to formation far beyond the planets; there the deep freeze of space has kept them unchanged.

单选题Our analysis therefore suggests that the real problem facing the black community lies in the educational obstacles prior to the Ph.D. programs rather than in the pour-in of foreign students. Equally, our analysis suggests that we ought to treat foreign students as an important source of brain gain for us and that we ought to facilitate, rather than hinder, their arrival and their entry into our work force. How could this be done? There is a long-standing provision in our immigration laws under which those who bring in a certain amount of financial capital (which will "create jobs") are allowed to immigrate: A foreigner who invests one million dollars in a commercial enterprise established in a high-unemployment area, which creates jobs for at least ten Americans, is automatically given immigrant status (i.e., a green card). We suggest extending the idea from financial to human capital. Currently, graduate students who wish to stay on in the United States after their Ph.D. s must be sponsored by their employers, a process that imposes substantial hardship both on the students and on smaller employers. The standard procedure is in two stages. First, the U. S. Department of Labor must, on the basis of a U. S. employer"s sponsorship, certify that "no American can do this job." Then, the would-be immigrant must apply for immigrant status at the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). If all goes right, the entire process takes about two years (considerably more for citizens of certain countries). But things may not go right: there could be problems at either stage. Thus, the employer or the "alien" must hire an immigration lawyer. The current process, then, is costly both to the would-be immigrant and to the employer (and hence, it unfairly penalizes smaller firms that cannot afford this expensive process and so cannot recruit this foreign talent). The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1990 introduced an alternative route for professors and researchers to secure immigrant status. Essentially, it eliminates the average processing time to about one year, it does not eliminate any of the uncertainty or the need for expensive legal counsel. We budget that automatic green cards be given to all those who obtain a Ph. D. in the science and engineering programs at our universities. In adopting such a "guaranteed green card" proposal, we would be recognizing the important contribution that these students make to our leading position in science by giving equal weight to human capital and financial capital.

单选题Even plants can run a fever, especially when they are under attack by insects or diseases. But (21) humans, plants can have their temperature (22) from 3,000 feet away--straight up. A decade ago, (23) the infrared(红外线的)scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley (24) a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine (25) ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmer (26) target pesticide spraying (27) rain poison on a whole field, which (28) include plants that don't have the pest problem. Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became (29) to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet (30) , an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were (31) into a color-coded map showing (32) plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they (33) would. The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers (34) the new technology and long-term backers were hard (35) . But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to (36) into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. "This technique can be used (37) 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Oerther of Texas A & M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks (38) infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But (39) Paley finds the financial backing (40) he failed to obtain 10 years ago.

单选题 Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is "intelligent". Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day. If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your in- ability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D. -Nervous Break Down. "Intelligent" people do not have N.B.D.. It's because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives. You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events, which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.

单选题Questions 14—16 are based on the following passage about Catherine Gram. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14—16.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} More than 30, 000 drivers and passengers who sit in the front of the vehicles are killed or seriously injured each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a thirdfloor building. Wearing a seat belt saves lives: it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than a half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you will be fined up to ￡ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. However, when you're reversing your car, you do not have to wear a seat belt; or when you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember that you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove that you have been excused from wearing it.