单选题 About 50 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sports was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries centre at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled. In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings things developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stroke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stroke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1,604 wheelchair {{U}}athletes{{/U}} from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stroke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics. The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can't enjoy sports. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwilling- ness of the International Olympic Committee to include the disabled events at the Olympic Games for the able bodies. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.

单选题What efforts have been made to ensure safer fireworks in US?

单选题By saying" Every man is a philosopher" (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author implies that

单选题In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public offices, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues, The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special-interest groups, and opinion leaders. Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar workers, non-union workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full-time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one"s view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to " follow the headlines ". Whatever is featured in news- papers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions. The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of public issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to re- main localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today"s elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his "fireside chats", presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs. Special-interest groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens" organizations successful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare. Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, some business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and ere perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.

单选题When you have a job interview, you should ______.

单选题Taking a nap is frowned upon by many people and is viewed as fondness for the elderly and children. Mention nap and you could be seen as lazy, depressed and unwilling to work. However, taking a nap is one of the best but most underused tools for busy people to ease weariness. The majority of people experience drowsiness in the afternoon and notice their work efficiency and mood starting to slip and taking a nap will help combat this. The results of research suggest that taking a nap can make you more alert, reduce stress and improve cognitive function compared to those who working all day without rest. A mid-afternoon nap means that productivity can last long into the night. Researchers at NASA found that a 30- minute full nap increased cognitive function by 40%. The volunteers on the tests found that their memory improved as well as experiencing an increase in concentration. Those who didn't nap would score lower on IQ test than those who did (after a day of work). If you feel tired in the afternoon and from then on can't perform at your best, t recommend taking a short power nap to get yourself feel alert and ready for work. You will notice your mood and alertness to be improved. ! advise keeping the nap between 15 and 30 minutes if you want to avoid getting into deeper stages of sleep. If you do, you'll find it harder to wake and may experience the unstable feeling for a while. For those who are worried about the after-affect of a nap, there is the caffeine nap. A caffeine nap is taken after an intake of caffeine, so that you are asleep while your body digests the caffeine. After a 15 -30 minutes nap, you wake up and have the caffeine in your system. This is great if you need to be instantly on the move after a nap, and you can bounce out of your sleeping state and jump into refreshed Work feeling. Finding 15 -30 minutes to take a nap in a day sometimes seems difficult, but doing so is very helpful to your productivity. Even 10 minutes of a nap every day will be better than nothing at all, and may give you the energy you need to be successful. If you're willing to have a try, make sure you can find a comfortable place before setting your head down. If you can feel secure and let go, then your rest will be even more beneficial.

单选题According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have

单选题 Many doors close when an individual is jailed for a crime. It can be difficult for former prisoners to re-enter society. A number of training programs are aimed at reopening doors for these men and women. "Together We Bake" teaches cooking and marketing skills to women who have spent time in prison so they can start new lives. "Together We Bake" is a 10-week program. It teaches women how to bake and sell chocolate chip cookies and granola. Two friends, Tricia Sabatini and Stephanie Wright, created the program. Ms. Wright explains how, "I have a background in social work and she is an amazing baker. We decided to combine forces and we discovered that this population of women, returning from prison or jail into the community, there aren't a lot of resources for them. So we thought we could combine our passions and develop this job as a training program. " Stephanie Wright says they launched the program earlier this year. "We have two classes so far that have graduated. This is our third class. We have eight women currently in this class. We've 16 women graduated in the first two teams. " Forty-five years old Terry Garredt is one of the graduates. She says the program helped her turn her life around. She is now also working for "Together We Bake" to help other women follow the path she took. It makes sense to Regina Byrd who joined "Together We Bake" just a few weeks ago. The 50-year-old hopes to open her own restaurant someday. She says she could not have even dreamed of such a thing when she got out of jail last year. The program includes classes in which the women talk about their experiences and learn communication and job skills. Thirty-six-year-old Jamie Whitehead spent three years in jail. She found those meeting were very helpful. "I learned how to open up a little more because I'm not alone, there are others out there. I made a mistake and moved past it. I'm just trying to better myself." "Together We Bake" co-founder Tricia Sabatini says gaining new skills helps each women feel better about herself. "Just to enforce that everyone deserves a second chance, that you will never know by looking at someone what they're going through and the power they have to change themselves." Such kind of support helps the former prisoners know that their work is worth it. They learn that they have what it takes to succeed.

单选题Questions 11—13 are based on the following dialogue about travel information. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11—13.

单选题In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How to explain the change in its size and importance? To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history and economies. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America's most famous city. The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily-populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter America, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea. Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into completed goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance. About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved to the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe's canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long trip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After working for several years it was completed in 1825. The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In later years, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi. The new railroads made canal shipping not as important as before, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas. Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result. Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of them remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great numbers of new Americans, New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great.

单选题Before Sept 11, the U.S. Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws be- cause______.

单选题On Tuesday August 11th, 1911, a young artist, Louis Beraud, arrived at the Louvre in Paris to complete a painting of the Salon Carre. This was the room where the world's most famous painting, the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, was on display. To his surprise there was an empty space where the painting should have been. At 11 o'clock the museurn authorities realized that the painting had been stolen. The next day headlines all over the world announced the theft. Actually the Leonardo had been gone for more than twenty-four hours before anyone noticed it was missing. The museum was always closed on Mondays for maintenance. Just before closing time on Sunday three men had entered the museum, where they had hidden themselves in a storeroom. The actual theft was quick and simple. Early the next morning Perrugia removed the painting from the wall while the others kept watch. Then they went out a hack exit. Nothing was seen or heard of the painting for two years when Perrugia tried to sell it to a dealer for half a million lire. Perrugia was arrested on December 13th Perrugia claimed he had stolen it as an act of patriot-ism, because, he said, the painting had been looted from the Italian nation by Napoleon. Perrugia was imprisoned for 7 months. It seemed that the crime of the century had been solved. But had it? Perrugia was keen to claim all responsibility for the theft, and it was twenty years before the whole story came out. In fact Perrugia bad been working for two master criminals, Valfierno and Chaudron, who went unpunished for their crime. They would offer to steal a famous painting from a gallery for a crooked dealer or an unscrupulous private collector. They would then make a copy of the picture and, with the help of bribed gallery attendants, tape the copy to the back of the original painting. The dealer would then be taken to the gallery and would be invited to make a secret mark on the back of the painting. Of course the dealer would actually be marking the copy. Valfierno would later produce forged newspaper cuttings announcing the theft of the original, and then produce the copy, complete with secret marking. If the dealer were to see the painting still in the gallery, he would be persuaded that it was a copy, and that he possessed the genuine one. Chaudron then painted not one, but six copies of the Mona Lisa, using 400-year-old wood panels from antique Italian furniture The forgeries were carefully aged, so that the varnish was cracked and dirty. Valfierno commissioned Perrugia to steal the original, and told him to hide it until Valfierno contacted him Perrugia waited in vain in a tiny room in Paris with the painting, but heard nothing from his partners in crime. They had gone to New York, where the six copies were already in store. They had sent them there before the original was stolen. At that time it was quite common for artists to copy old masters, which would be sold quite honestly as imitations, so there had been no problems with US Customs. Valfierno went on to sell all six copies for $ 300 000 each. Valfierno told the story to a journalist in 1914, on condition that it would not be published until his death. Does the story end there? Collectors have claimed that Perrugia returned a copy. It is also possible that Leonardo may have painted several versions of the Mona Lisa, or they might be copies made by Leonardo's pupils. There has been a lot of controversy and argument about the 450-year-old painting, but after all, maybe that's what She's smiling about.

单选题An addict cannot continue his education or work at a job, because of______.

单选题Tourism(旅游) was not always as important as it is today. In the past only wealthy(富有的) people could travel (41) vacations to other countries. More people travel today than in the past (42) there is a growing middle class in many parts of the world. People now (43) more money for travel. Special airplane fares for tourists make travel (44) expensive and thus more attractive(有吸引务的) than (45) before. One person does not travel for the same reason as (46) . But most people enjoy (47) countries that are different from their own. They also like to meet new people, try new food and (48) life in other parts of the world. Tourism (49) many changes in a country and in people's lives. People build new hotels and restaurants and train native men and women 50 tour guides to show tourists interesting places.