单选题Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specially, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision-making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

单选题Questions 14—16 are based on the interview with British singer and song writer Beth Orton. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14—16.

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单选题Questions 17--20 are based on a report about procrastinators: students who put off studying. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17--20.

单选题Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing. Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noticed that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

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单选题The word "languish" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to______.

单选题How do the public feel about the current economic situation?

单选题The author's main concern in this passage is to______.

单选题So the book titled "The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War Ⅱ," by 30-year-old Chinese-American writer Iris Chang has the Japanese critics stirred up. Everyone from the former Japanese ambassador in Washington and Japan"s powerful conservative commentators down to the rightwing academics and ultranationalist fanatics has denounced it for emotional errors and distortions. Where the Japanese can claim just a glimmer of morality was that they only killed those Asians suspected of being anti-Japan. They tried to be nice to those considered to be pro-Japan. Nazi killings of the Jew showed few such mercies. But while Germany today apologizes, Japan prevaricates. Especially ugly is the way rightwingers and conservatives here airily dismiss the need to dredge up details of the past, but then pounce with minute detail on minor discrepancies in otherwise undeniable accounts of past atrocities. A doubtful statistic on page 176 or one misplaced photo on page 274 is enough to slam the author and argue that maybe was no atrocity to begin with. Equally ugly is the official habit of denying wrongdoings by claiming there are no official records. One reason for the absence of those records, of course, was the official policy of destroying all incriminating records as soon as the war ended. The only reason we now know in detail about the Chinese forced laborers is because the only one of the many meticulous wartime reports on the subject not to suffer destruction at war"s end accidentally fell into the hands of the Taiwan authorities and could not be denied. In Europe today any attempt to deny Nazi atrocities is a one-way ticket to denigration and possibly jail. In Japan today atrocity denial can easily be the path to fame and adulation in the conservative factions that control this nation. On top of all this is the curious rightwing logic that says continued Chinese unhappiness over past and current wrongs is evidence that deep down the Chinese have always hated Japan, and therefore never needed to be apologized to in the first place. Whether or not Nanjing suffered the amount of violence claimed by Chang is irrelevant. Whatever account we look at, it is clear that Japanese soldiers there killed and raped in large numbers. Indeed, ever since the first Japanese aggression against China in 1895, the Chinese nation has been raped repeatedly by Japan. The Chinese are a proud people. Today they are asked not just to live with the rapist and accept his halfhearted apologies, but also to put up with backhanded claims that maybe the rape was deserved, or never happened at all. They also see a postwar Japan that has prospered through joining the United States in an alliance aimed to keep the former China victim backward and contained, and a Japanese rightwing trying hard to help detach some of the booty from the first 1895 "rape," namely Taiwan. If I were a Chinese I would be very angry. Probably even angrier than Iris Chang.

单选题We can infer that once financial decisions are made, people