单选题Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be They tell us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood. and social outlook. Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people's impression to us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests. People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered. to be more convincing, honest, and competent when riley are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover. many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we fell about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" and "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternative to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorable for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming—shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed. "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job./

单选题 We recently sailed with our research ship through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean where we did research work for about a year. Our main objectives (目标) were the little-known Maldive Islands. The Maldives consist of several thousand little islands, some so small that they are hardly a mile in diameter, some as large as twenty or thirty miles across. All the islands in the Maldives have developed on coral reefs (珊瑚礁). A coral reef is a flower garden of stone, growing like a wall or like a tower from the depths, and filled with the most confusing and most colourful varieties of life. The colours are very beautiful, especially in the shallow region down to sixty feet, where some of the red and yellow light of the sun's rays still penetrates. But most corals are greenish, brown, bluish or yellow. Coral reefs offer shelter and food to thousands of creatures. The warmer the climate, the greater the variety of species there is. In the tropics, it is easier to find, in one place, ten different species than ten specimens of the same species, and a coral reef provides ample proof of that rule. Living conditions are most favourable so that many forms are able to develop and survive in their struggle for existence. Here is wide field for the diving biologist. The value of aqualung (水中呼吸器) diving for the biologist is that he can watch and collect on the spot. If men have not until recently ventured diving in the tropical seas, this has been mainly because of sharks. In the last twenty years I have encountered most of the really dangerous varieties of shark. There is always a certain risk, but, in general, sharks are much less dangerous than people think. You must not show fear or swim quickly away when they come into view. This attracts them, just as a cat is attracted by something on a string. Keep quiet, and, if the shark really heads towards you, then you can scare him off by swimming towards him yourself.

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单选题Would you like to orbit the Earth inside the International Space Station? Now you can take a space holiday—for a price. This is due to a recent decision by top space officials of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Last April, American businessman Dennis Tito reportedly paid between twelve million and twenty million dollars to spend one week on the International Space Station. NASA had strongly objected to the Russian plan to permit a civilian on the costly research vehicle. After two years of negotiations, space officials have agreed on a process to train private citizens to take trips to the International Space Station. NASA recently agreed to conditions that will permit Russia to sell trips to the space station. The trips are planned by an American company called Space Adventures Limited of Arlington, Virginia. The company calls itself "the world's leading space tourism company". The company has sold a space trip to Mark Shuttle-worth , a South African businessman. In April, Mr Shuttleworth will be launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Experts say the change in policy at NASA shows a new desire to use space vehicles for business and industrial purposes. In a speech to Congress last year, NASA official Michael Hawes said that the space agency had not considered civilian travel as one of the industries it wanted to develop. However, Mr Hawes said that private space travel could now be done as long as safety measures are observed carefully. Yet, the average citizen will not be able to travel into space in the near future. Space Adventures Limited sells a training program for space flight that costs two hundred thousand dollars. That price does not include the cost of the trip to the International Space Station. That holiday in space costs twenty million dollars. Candidates for adventure space travel trips must be in excellent heaith and must pass difficult health tests. They must receive a lot of training. Besides, good English can help you prepare for a space holiday. This is because all successful candidates who wish to travel to the International Space Station must be able to read and speak English.

单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following conversation about a new snack food. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题About 50 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sports was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1978 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries centre at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled. In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings things developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stroke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stroke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1,604 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stroke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics. The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can"t enjoy sports. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include the disabled events at the Olympic Games for the able bodies. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.

单选题The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a pre-modernized society except ______.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education. As colleges strive for market share, they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make. Trenton State College, for example, became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state. "All I hear in higher education is, 'Brand, brand, brand,'" said Tim Westerbeck, who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lippmann Hearne, a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations. "There has been a sea change over the last 10 years. Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education. " Not all efforts at name changes are successful, of course. In 1997, the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges, offering a list of majors that includes psychology, music, urban studies and management. But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School. Now, after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant's creation of "naming structures" , "brand architecture" and "identity systems", the university has come up with a new name., the New School. Beginning Monday, it will adopt new logos (标识), banners, business cards and even new names for the individual colleges, all to include the words "the New School" . Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived. In altering its name from Cal State, Hayward, to Cal State, East Bay, the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban counties east of San Francisco. The University of Southern Colorado, a state institution, became Colorado State University at Pueblo two years ago, hoping to highlight many internal changes, including offering more graduate programs and setting higher admissions standards. Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons, to break the connection with its past as a women's college, to promote its growth into a full-fledged university and, officials acknowledged, to eliminate some jokes about the college's old name on late-night television and "morning zoo" radio shows. Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results. At Arcadia, in addition to the rise in applications, the average student's test score has increased by 60 points, Juli Roebeck, an Arcadia spokeswoman, said.

单选题JudyBlumewritesmostlyabout______.A.adultsB.strugglesintheworkplaceC.strugglesforsurvivalD.strugglesforgrowingup

单选题WhatisthefoodhallofHarold'snotedfor?A.Thecheesesoldthereisveryspecial.B.Itsellsmanydifferentkindsoffood.C.Itsells250kindsofbread.D.Itsellsmorethan180kindsofchocolate.

单选题The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, " a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death. " George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, " he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend to kill them. " On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death . Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, " to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse. " He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear.., that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension. /

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} The World Health Organization (WHO) is in trouble. Its leader is accused of failing to lead, and as the organization drifts, other bodies, particularly the World Bank, are setting the global health agenda. Western governments want the WHO to set realistic targets and focus its energy on tackling major killers such as childhood diseases and tobacco. The WHO clearly needs to set priorities. Its total budget of 0.9 billion around 10p for each man, woman and child in the world-cannot solve all the worlds health problems. Yet its senior management does not seem willing to narrow the organization's focus. Instead it is trying to be all things to all people and losing dependability. Unfortunately, the argument for priority-setting is being seriously undermined by the U.S., one of the chief advocators of change. The U.S. is trying to reduce its contribution to the WHO's regular budget from a quarter of the total to a fifth. That would leave the organization 20 million short this year. On top of the substantial debts the U.S. already owes. The WHO may need priorities, but it certainly doesn't need budget cuts. Thanks to the U.S.'s failure to pay its bills, many of the poorer nations see priority-setting as merely a cover for cost cutting that would hit their health programs hard. The WHO would not serve poorer countries any worse if it sharpened its focus. It would probably serve them better. In any case, a sharper focus should not mean that less money is needed. When the U.S. demands cuts, it simply fuels disputes between the richer and poorer countries and gives the WHO's senior management more time to postpone. The American action is not confined to the WHO. It wants eventually to cut its contributions to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization too. But it knows that dissatisfaction with the WHO and its leadership has made the organization vulnerable. If it wins against the WHO, the rest will lose out in their turn. America's share of the budget is already a concession. Each nation's contribution to the UN agencies is calculated according to its wealth, and by that measure the U.S. should be paying about 28 percent of the WHO budget. But over the past three decades the U.S. has gradually reduced what it pays the organization. The U.S. should not task for further cuts, until it pays its full share of money, it will hold back the organizations much needed reforms. The world needs the WHO. The World Bank may have a bigger budget, but it sees improved health as just one part of economic and social development. The WHO remains the only organization committed to health for all, regardless of wealth.