单选题 Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on the following talk introducing Wilt Chamberlain, a well known American basketball player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 ～ 13.

单选题 "Daydreaming again, barb? You'll never{{U}} (21) {{/U}}anything if you spend you time that way! Can't you find something useful to do?" Many youngsters have heard words{{U}} (22) {{/U}}from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and{{U}} (23) {{/U}}duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do. Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing{{U}} (24) {{/U}}attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. Once it was thought that nighttime dreams{{U}} (25) {{/U}}our{{U}} (26) {{/U}}rest. But then researchers tried{{U}} (27) {{/U}}the dreams of sleepers. They learned that sleepers who are allowed to dream lose the benefits of rest. They have trouble concentrating. Their mental health is{{U}} (28) {{/U}}damaged.{{U}} (29) {{/U}}again, they must be allowed to dream. Now researchers are finding that daydreaming may also be important to mental health. Daydreaming, they tell us, is a good means of relaxation. But its benefits go{{U}} (30) {{/U}}A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some surprising conclusions. Dr. Joan T. Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming{{U}} (31) {{/U}}intellectual growth. It also improves concentration, attention span, and the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}to get along with others, she says. In an experiment{{U}} (33) {{/U}}schoolchildren, this same researcher found that daydreaming led the children to pay more attention to detail. They had{{U}} (34) {{/U}}feelings. They worked together better. Another researcher reported that daydreaming seemed to produce improved self-control and creative abilities. But that's only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its{{U}} (35) {{/U}}in shaping our future lives as we want{{U}} (36) {{/U}}. Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser believed that much of his success was{{U}} (37) {{/U}}the positive use of daydreaming. He{{U}} (38) {{/U}}that "you can imagine your future." Florence dreamed of becoming a nurse.{{U}} (39) {{/U}}pictured himself as an inventor. For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true. Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick believed that the way we picture ourselves is often the way we turn out. He offered this advice, "... Picture yourself vividly as defeated,{{U}} (40) {{/U}}alone will make victory impossible ..."

单选题The gene therapy can curb HIV infection by______.

单选题Predictions of many robots in industry have yet come true. For ten years or more, manufacturers of big robots have explained how their machines can make industry more competitive and productive. The maker for (21) robots is over-supplied now, and the driving force of the robotics revolution is (22) to be with makers of machines that handle a few kilos at most. "Heavy-robot manufacturers are in some difficulty (23) finding customers. They are offering big (24) just to get in the door. There has been a (25) growth everywhere in the numbers of robots, so we admit we are either deceiving (26) or that the market is slowly growing," said John Reekie, chairman of Colen Robotics. "The following things must happen (27) the robotics revolution to occur. We must achieve widespread robot literacy, (28) there has been a computer (29) program. There must be a robot policy. Finally, some kind of (30) intelligence needs to be (31) . " Colen makes educational robots and machine tools. It is small (32) with companies like ASEA or Fujitsu Fanuc. But Colen with others and departments in universities such as Surrey, Manchester, and Durham possess an advantage (33) the giants. The big companies sell very expensive (34) to businesses with expert knowledge in automation. The (35) companies make robots for teaching people, and now they have realized that there is a need for small, (36) robots that they can meet. The little companies either bring their educational machines (37) an industrial standard or design from the start. One technique that they all adopt is to choose (38) components where possible. The major cost of making (39) their models is the electronics, which will fall in price. There is (40) scope for reductions in mechanical costs. The sue of standard parts, which are easily replaced, should give these robots a mechanical life of something in the order of five years.

单选题 The cost of plant and equipment includes all expenditures reasonable and necessary in acquring the asset and placing it in a position and condition for use in the operations of the business. Only reasonable and necessary expenditures should be{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. For example, ff the company's truck driver receives a traffic ticket while hauling a new machine to the plant, the traffic{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}is not part of the cost of the new machine, ff the machine is dropped and{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}while being uploaded, the cost of repairing the damage should be{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}as expense in the current period and should not be added{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}the cost of the machine. Cost is most easily determined{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}an asset is purchased for cash. The cost of the asset is then{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the cash outlay necessary in acquiring the asset{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}any expenditure for freight, insurance while in transit, installation, trial runs, and any other{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}necessary to make the asset ready for use. If plant assets are{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}on the installment plan or by issuance of notes payable, the interest element or carrying charge should be{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}as interest expense and not as part of the cost of the plant assets. Why should all the incidental charges{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the acquisition of a machine{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}included in its cost? Why{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}treat these incidental charges as expenses of the period in which the machine is acquired? The answer is to be found in the basic accounting{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of matching costs and revenue. The benefits of{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}the machine will be received over a span of years, 10 years, for example. During those 10 years the{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the machine will contribute to revenue.{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}},the total costs of the machine should be recorded in the accounts as a(n){{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}and allocated against the revenue of the 10 years. All costs incurred in acquiring the machine are costs for services to be{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}from using the machine.

单选题By the 1950's and 60's "going for Chinese" had become part of the suburban vernacular. In places like New York City, eating Chinese food became intertwined with the traditions of other ethnic groups, especially that of Jewish immigrants. Many Jewish families faithfully visited their favorite Chinese restaurant every Sunday night. Among the menus in the exhibition are selections from Glatt Wok: Kosher Chinese Restaurant and Takeout in Monsey, N. Y. , and Wok Toy in Cedarhurst, N.Y.. Until 1965 Cantonese-speaking immigrants, mainly from the county of Toisan. dominated the industry and menus reflected a standard repertory of tasty but bland Americanizations of Cantonese dishes. But loosening immigration restrictions that year brought a flood of people from many different regions of China, starting "authenticity revolution," said Ed Schoenfeld, a restaurateur and Chinese food consultant. Top chefs who were trained in spicy and more unusual regional specialties, like Hunan and Sichuan cooking, came to New York then, Mr. Schoenfeld said. President Richard M. Nixon's trip to China in 1972 awakened interest in the country and accounts of his meals helped whet diners' appetites for new dishes. An illustration of a scowling Nixon with a pair of chopsticks glares down from the wall at the exhibition. Hunan and Sichuan restaurants in New York influenced the taste of the whole country, Mr. Schoenfeld said. Dishes like General Tso's chicken and crispy orange beef caught on everywhere. But as with the Cantonese food before it, Mr. Schoenfeld said, the cooking degraded over time, as it became mass produced. Today's batter-fried, syrup-laden version of Chinese food, he said, bears little resemblance to authentic cuisine. The real explosion of Chinese restaurants that made them ubiquitous came in the 1980's, said Betty Xie, editor of Chinese Restaurant News. "Now you see there are almost one or two Chinese restaurants in every town in the United States. " she said. There are signs that some have tired of Chinese food. A 2004 Zagat survey showed that its popularity has ebbed somewhat in New York City. But the journey of the Chinese restaurant remains the story of the American dream, as experienced by a constant but evolving stream of Chinese immigrants who realized the potential of 12-hour days, borrowed capital and a willingness to cook whatever Americans wanted. Sales margins are tight, and wages are low. Restaurants are passed from one family member to the next, or sold by one Chinese family to another. Often a contingency written into sales contracts is that the previous owners train the new owners. Nowadays it is overwhelmingly Fujianese immigrants, many of them smuggled into this country illegally, who are flocking to the restaurant business because they have few other options. "The competition in Chinese communities is cutthroat," Mr. Chen, the co-curator, said. "What people realize is you can make much, much better profit in places like Montana. /

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单选题According to the passage, which of the following is the most important character shared by both satellite and "satellite" countries?

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单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} Learning science helps children to develop ways of understanding the world around them. For this they have to build up concepts which help them link their experiences together, they must learn ways of gaining and organizing information and of applying and testing ideas. This contributes not only to children's ability to make better sense of things around them, but prepares them to deal more effectively with wider decision-making and problem-solving in their lives. Science is as basic a part of education as numeracy and literacy, it daily becomes more important as the complexity of technology increases and touches every part of our lives. Learning science can bring a double benefit because science is both a method and a set of ideas, both a process and product. The processes of science provide a way of finding out information, testing ideas and see- king explanations. The products of science are ideas which can be applied in helping to understand new experiences. The word "can" is used advisedly here, it indicates that there is the potential to bring these benefits but no guarantee that they will be realized without taking the appropriate steps. In learning science the development of the process side and the product side must go hand in hand, they are totally interdependent. This has important implications for the kinds of activities children need to encounter in their education But before pursuing these implications, there are still two further important points which underline the value of including science in primary education. The first is that whether we teach children science or not, they will ha developing ideas about the world around from their earliest years. If these ideas are based on casual observation, non-investigated events and the acceptance of hearsay, than they are likely to be non-scientific. "everyday" ideas. There are plenty of such ideas around for children to pick up. My mother believed (and perhaps still does despite my efforts) that if the sun shines through the window on to the fire it puts the fire out, that cheese maggots f a common encounter in her youth when food was sold unwrapped) are made of cheese and develop spontaneously from it, that placing a lid on a pan of boiling water makes it boil at a lower temperature, that electricity travels more easily if the wires are not twisted. Similar myths still abound and no doubt influence children's attempts to make sense of their experience. As well as hearsay, left to themselves, children will also form some ideas which seem unscientific; for example, that to make something move requires a force but to stop it needs no force. All these ideas could easily be put to the test; children's science education should make children want to do it. Then they not only have the chance to modify their ideas, but they learn to be sceptical about so-called "truths" until these have been put to the test. Eventually they will realize that all ideas are working hypotheses which can never be proved right, but are useful as long as they fit the evidence of experience and experiment. The importance of beginning this learning early in children's education is twofold. On the one hand the children begin to realize that useful ideas must fit the evidence; on the other hand they are less likely to form and to accept everyday ideas which can be shown to be in direct conflict with evidence and scientific concepts. There are research findings to show that the longer the non-scientific ideas have been held, the more difficult they are to change. Many children come to secondary science, not merely lacking the scientific ideas they need, but possessing alternative ideas which are a barrier to understanding their science lessons. The second point about starting to learn science, and to learn scientifically, at the primary level is connect- ed with attitudes to the subject. There is evidence that attitudes to science seem to be formed earlier than to most other subjects and children tend to have taken a definite position with regard to their liking of the subject by the age of 11 or 12. Given the remarks just made about the clash between the non-scientific ideas that many children bring to their secondary science lessons and the scientific ideas they are assumed to have, it is not surprising that many find science confusing and difficult. Such reactions undoubtedly affect their later performance in science. Although there is a lesson here for secondary science, it is clear that primary science can do much to avoid this crisis at the primary/secondary interface

单选题Phonetics is the study of ______. A. speech sounds (voice) B. meaning in a language C. the structure of phrases D. how sounds are used to convey meaning

单选题Ever since Gregor Mendel's famous experiments with hybrid sweet peas, it has been known that there must be unitary elements within the cells which exert control over inherited characteiristics, and for a long time there was considerable speculation about what these were. These elements came to be known as genes, and although they were long treated as hypothetical constructs, a great deal of knowledge about them slowly accumulated. It came to be known, for example, that each gene had to be passed along virtually unchanged from generation to generation; that there must be many thousands of these particles in every human cell, distributed unevenly among the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes; that each gene must occupy a very definite place (locus) on its chromosome; and that each pair of homologous chromosomes had to contain homologous assortments of genes, arranged with few exceptions in precisely the same order on each member of the chromosome pairs. A wonderfully complex and fruitful system thus emerged about an aspect of the world which no one has ever directly observed. Let us now briefly turn to some of the newly acquired insights which have greatly expanded the already impressive theory of genetics. Genes are, of course, too small to be seen even by the most powerful electron microscopes, but recent research by geneticists, microbiologists, and biochemists has rapidly advanced our information about their constitution and action. The chemical substance of which the genes and thus the chromosomes are made is now known to be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a giant molecule containing a double-spiral strand of material which embodies the genetic code. The chromosomes consist of long strands of DNA, which, although it is capable of transmitting vastly complex "code messages", is comprised of combinations of only four primary chemical subunits, or "code letters". This great insight into the structure and functioning of genetic material, which was first proposed by James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick in 1953, involves a new description of what genes are like. A gene is simply a specific portion of the double-spiral strand of DNA which consists of a particular combination of the code letters that spell out a particular code word. Various combinations of the four code letters, forming different code words, provide the biochemical information used in the construction of the different proteins in the cell. Many of these proteins act as enzymes. The enzymes, as has been pointed out above, are the biological catalysts which direct all the chemical or metabolic reactions that are going on continuously in all cells. These metabolic functions are, of course, the basis of all the physical growth and development of any living organism. The code is embodied in the DNA of the chromosomes and genes, but exactly how does this code determine the production of proteins? Obviously, the code must be transmitted to the sites at which the actual work of protein synthesis is carried out. The material which accomplishes this task is ribonucleic acid (RNA), a substance very similar to DNA and complementary to it. From the code site on the linear, DNA molecule (which is the gene), RNA, the messenger, carries the code to the cellular particles out into the cytoplasm of the cell, where proteins are manufactured. This messenger RNA provides the pattern, and another type of RNA, transfer RNA, collects from within the cytoplasm the raw materials, the amino acids, from which the proteins are made. With the pattern and the materials, the poteins are formed, one step at a time. These proteins act as enzymes or biological catalysis. They exist in all living organisms and control their growth and function through the control of the chemical transformations involved in metabolism. A very large number of enzymes are present in any living creature, and the absence or malformation of any enzyme can destroy the normal sequence of metabolism of a given biochemical substance. We can thus see that genetic activity takes the form of biochemical regulation, the genes determining the formation of enzymes. In this sense, all genetic disorders are primarily metabolic defects (Garrod, 1908). A defective or changed gene will in mm produce a change in the protein with which it is associated. The only result of such a change may be a slight alteration in the function of the protein, and there may thus be little or no observable effect. If the change or defect takes place within the code message for an essential element of the protein, however, the enzyme activity of this protein may be rendered completely inactive. If this happens, the result can be grave trouble: perhaps death, serious disease, or severe mental retardation due to poisoning of the central nervous system by a metabolite that is toxic to this system. The error in enzyme synthesis may begin to be important, so that the structure of the central nervous system is faulty almost from the beginning of embryonic life, or it may become important much later in the life cycle. It is quite likely that, in the foreseeable future, many essential biochemical processes will be understood in terms of the precise genetic codes responsible for them. All of the amino acids have already yielded to such analysis; their codes have been identified. Understanding may come control and prevention, such as may be possible by administration of the lacking enzymes, dietary control of substances which the individual is unable to metabolize, or transplantation of normal tissue to the diseased individual to correct the metabolic error.

单选题What is the common problem in management?

单选题A new tendency emerged in the current boom is that______.