单选题In Paragraph 2, the word "athlete" means ______.

单选题Not until all the fish died in the river, ______ how serious the pollution was. A. the villagers did realize B. the villagers realized C. did the villagers realize D. didn't the villagers realize

单选题The short stories often with surprise endings such as "The Gift of Magi" and "The Last Leaf” are written by ______. A. O. Henry B. Theodore Dreiser C. William Faulkner D. Jack London

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} This kind of complex meaning expressed in written language soon becomes a fish out of water. The complexity of spoken language is more like that of a dance; it is not static and dense but mobile and intricate. Much more meaning is expressed by grammar than by vocabulary. As a consequence, the sentence structure is highly complex, reaching degrees of complexity that are rarely attained in writing. Writing, as recognized by most people, is genuinely formal and readily tangible, but speaking language has merits of its own. It is usually more economic in human face-to-face communication, and it allows the omission of many contextual or commonsensical information. This permits the oral language to be more simplistic and flexible than written language. What is difficult or even impossible to achieve in written language can sometimes be achieved in oral language in a convenient way that does not demand extra efforts. On the other hand, speech can be more difficult to manage in linguistic studies due to such factors that make it readily acceptable as a more economic way of expression. It is in spontaneous, operational speech that the grammar is most fully exploited, such that its semantic frontiers expand and its potential for meaning is enhanced. This is why we have to look to spoken discourse for at least some of the evidence on which to base our theory of the language. Philosophers of language have tended to take over the folk belief, typical of a written culture, according to which spoken language is disorganized and featureless, while only writing shows a wealth of structure and purity of pattern. This is 'demonstrated' by transcriptions in which speech is reduced to writing and made to look like a dog' s dinner. Now speech was not meant to be written down, so it often looks silly, just as writing often sounds silly when it is read aloud; but the disorder and fragmentation are a feature of the way it is transcribed. Even a sympathetic transcription like that above cannot represent it adequately, because it shows none of the intonation or variation in tempo and loudness; but it does show the way it is organized grammatically, and so enable us to analyze it as a text.

单选题Questions 17-20 are based on the following conversation about a new snack food.

单选题The southern area of the Northern Territory is ______ of Australia. [A] the Gold Coast [B] the Flinda Mountains [C] the Red Centre [D] the Great Barrier Reef

单选题What are the advantages of lean production?

单选题Body Distance Do you know that all human beings have a "comfort zone" regulating the distance they stand from someone when they talk? This distance varies in interesting ways among people of different cultures. Greeks, others of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand quite close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel the most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there is even more space between the two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe. This difference also applies to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent to which they lean over one another in conversation, and how they move as they argue or make an emphatic point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; In Paris, they take it as it comes! Although North Americans have a relatively wide "comfort zone" for talking, they communicate a great deal with their hands—not only with gesture but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person"s shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they nudge a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child"s head in affection; they readily take someone"s arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people—especially those from Asia or the Moslem countries—such body contact is unwelcome, especially when inadvertently done with the left hand. (The left hand carries no special significance in the US. Many Americans are simply left-handed and use that hand more.)

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单选题Asked what he would do to improve a government, the ancient Chinese sage Confucius answered that his first measure would be "to correct language". He meant that if words don't mean what they seem to mean people cannot put any plan into action as intended. The state of language at the dawn of the twenty-first century appears to be more confused than ever—thanks in large part to the enormous influence of television, radio, and print media over what we buy, desire, and believe. Benjamin Radford, managing editor of The Skeptical Inquirer magazine, offers hundreds of examples of deceptive practices in journalism, advertising, political activism, public relations, and charity appeals. The real danger to the public, he insists, comes not from outright lies about events or individuals, because in most cases facts can ultimately be proven and mistakes corrected. But the emotional power of images, sound bites, and slogans can exert deep and lasting influence on our opinions and behaviors as consumers, voters, and citizens. The detailed coverage of violent crimes dominating local TV news shows seldom includes any larger context. The cumulative impression left in the minds of viewers is that violent crime is rampant and on the rise. As a result, many people live in fear and many more support the idea of ever-larger police forces, tougher laws, and bigger prisons without considering the actual crime rates in their community or across the nation. Dramatic incidents like the sniper attacks in the Washington D. C. area in the fall of 2002 receive so much media attention that, again, the actual numbers of people affected and the likelihood of such attacks being repeated anywhere else become wildly exaggerated in people's minds. In the media-fueled emotional state following such spectacular disasters, the effort and expense of turning schools into locked fortresses or putting cameras on every street to monitor suspicious individuals can seem insignificant compared to the hope of keeping our children safe from harm. Yet truly effective measures require clear thinking and clearly worded policies that citizens—not only lawyers and politicians—can understand. Too often the long-term future implications of new anticrime laws and policies are not even considered in the rush to feel safer by taking rapid and visible action. Misleading practices by advertisers are another subject of public concern. Governments have long limited ads for alcohol and tobacco products and examined claims by drug companies, carmakers, food suppliers, and toy manufacturers to protect the public health. But advertising uses emotional appeals to shift the viewer's focus away from facts. Viewers who do not take the trouble to distinguish between provable claims and pleasant but meaningless word play end up buying "the sizzle, not the steak" and often paying high.

单选题Shopping has become a private affair. Obvious consumption does not look good during a depression, which explains why so many of us are accepting e-commerce. Online Shopping on these shores is projected to grow from sales of ￡ 8.9bn to around ￡ 21.3bn by the end of 2,011. Often people proclaim they've accepted e-commerce because it's "green". This is understandable. If many shopping bags in a depression looks bad, bricks and mortar retail -- huge out-of-town shopping centres, retail shopping center that insist on leaving their doors open even in winter and grocery stores full of the most inefficient freezers -- look terrible during an ecological emergency. Should we buy the idea that e-commerce is any better? Several studies have tried to answer this with cold, hard data. A 2,000 study on Webvan, a now disappearing US online grocer, concluded that a wider adoption of e-commerce would not give us environmental gains, while a 2,002 study of US book retailing found no greater energy savings selling online. But the study that all e-tailers are talking about is a new one from Carnegie Mellon University, which has found that shopping online via Buy. corn's e-commerce model for electronic products uses 35 percent less energy consumption and CO2 emissions than a traditional bricks model. This is largely because it avoids the usual retail distribution model and, of course, the impact of consumers driving to a store. And, from the shopper's perspective, online buying often allows you to avoid the desire for retail. But both models are flawed, because online or on the high street, retailers are dependent on a hydrocarbon-fuelled delivery system. Trucks deliver 4.8m tonnes of freight each day in the UK, which works out at about 80kg per person. To make matters worse, after a truck drops off the goods it often returns empty to the depot. A 2002 study of 20,000 transportation trips found that only 2.4% of return journey legs found suitable backloads. This journey represents a large part of the impact of what we buy. Online shopping may prove marginally more green in terms of energy saving, but we shouldn't forget progressive retail. Places such as Ludlow in Shropshire, a fairtrade town based on ethical trading ideas, where the independent high street has been hard won. It brings consumers face to face with products with shortened supply chain and with values. This is a wiser and wider retail experience; anything else could leave you feeling short change.

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单选题 {{I}} Questions 14-17 are based on a lecture in a college class. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 14-17.{{/I}}