问答题Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

问答题Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethecartoonbriefly,(2)interpretitsmeaningand(3)giveyourcomments.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayof160～200wordsinwhichyoushould1)Describethedrawing;2)Interpretitsmeaning;3)Supportyourviewwithexamples.

问答题Three common ways of remembering are: repetition, association, and exaggeration. Repetition is the key to long term memory. 1 Physiologically, when brain cells are activated by the memory process, the nerve cell coating becomes thicker and thicker with each repetition, strengthening the electrical pathway in brain that constitutes memory. In addition, when associations between parts of a thing remembered are formed, the nerve cell body sends out axon runners to other associated memory cells. These runners from one cell connect to runners on other cells. 2 As the pathway is used repetitiously, the surrounding ceils become larger and more tightly wrapped around the electrically conductive pathways, thereby transforming the memory from a short-term memory to a long-term memory. Memories of similar objects reside in nearby regions of the brain, while memories of exotic or exaggerated objects are farther away. 3 By forming memories with creative and unusual associations, many more pathways are established, much like a spider weaving an ever bigger web, in which each part leads to the center by many interconnected pathways. Memory links are also established when a variety of sensations and muscular activity are engaged. 4 Indeed, some people seem to be more proficient at learning by either seeing, hearing or writing, but no one method can provide the more numerous pathways provided by all three in combination. Memory is enhanced not only by repetition, but also by association and exaggeration of certain features of the object. Many memories are recalled as series of objects. For instance, a memory device to remember four common logical fallacies is a picture of the Earth, with the green continents and blue oceans, viewed from outer space with a flight of white geese circling around it. This image is used to recall the statement "geese circle every continent." The first letters of that statement stand for the logic fallacies of generalization, circularities, either/or, and cause and effect. Size, also, seems to play a role in memorization. During the Middle Ages, memory contests were held annually. In one, the winner remembered one hundred thousand sequential items. A time-proven memory method from the Middle Ages is association of abstract ideas to large objects. 5 The objects used for trigger recall seem to need to be about the size of a human, so that, if we were blind, we could identify the object by touch. Large objects in the memory seem to engage muscular memory areas as well as sight memory areas in the brain and expand the memory web. For instance, remembering the points of a speech about a military battle might involving walking from one room to another in a familiar house.

问答题 1 If people can become angry because there is somebody else around who is angry; if students become intelligent because teachers expect them to be intelligent, it is obvious that a study of human behavior requires a study of the social contexts within which people move, the expectations as to how they will behave, and the authority which tells them who they are and what they are supposed to do. And, to understand the true nature of women, we must understand the social expectations about them and the social conditions under which they live. 2 How are women characterized in our culture, and in psychology? They are inconsistent, emotionally unstable, weak, intuitive rather than intelligent, and, if they are at all normal, suited to the home and the family. In short, if they know their place, which is in the home, they are really quite lovable, happy, child-like, loving creatures. 3 In a review of the intellectual differences between little boys and little girls, a psychologist has shown that there are no intellectual differences until about high school, or, if there are, girls are slightly ahead of boys. At high school, girls begin to do worse on a few intellectual tasks, such as arithmetic reasoning, and beyond high school, the achievement of women drops off more rapidly. There are a number of non-intellectual tests showing sex differences. I choose this one because it is seen clearly that women start becoming inferior. It is no use to talk about women being different but equal; all the tests I can think of have a "good" outcome. Women always end up at the "bad" outcome. 4 In light of social expectations about women, what is surprising is that some women resist this message even after high school, college and graduate school. 5 Many psychologists assume that people move in a context-free condition either. Until they begin to respect evidence, and until they begin looking at the social context within which people move, psychology will have nothing to offer. I don"t know what unalterable differences exist between men and women. Probably there are a number of differences. But it is clear that until social expectations for men and women are equal, until we provide equal respect for both men and women, our answers to this question will simply reflect our prejudices.

问答题Our reactions are formed on the terror level. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst.

问答题HousingisoneofthemostimportantissuesconcerningChinesepeoplenow.Thefollowinggraphshowsthepriceofhousingin1987andin1999(yuanpersquaremeter).Youaretowriteacompositionwithin35minutes.Youshouldwrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Forthispart,youareallowed35minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.Rememberthatyourcompositionbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:(1)Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;(2)Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;(3)Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.{{/I}}62. {{U}}While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.{{/U}} Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew that is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 62. {{U}}Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.{{/U}} While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 63. {{U}}During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.{{/U}} Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 64. {{U}}There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.{{/U}} Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 65. {{U}}It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activities with specific techniques.{{/U}}

问答题For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in Expenses in Shanghai. You should write not less than 150 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese ) : Statistics of Family Expenses in Shanghai 1980 1990 200 Food & Clothing 68% 45% 20% Recreation 3% 5% 8% Education 6% 16% 22% Health Care 6% 10% 16% Others 17% 24% 35%　　(1)根据上图描述该城市家庭支出的变化；　　(2)分析产生这些变化的原因；　　(3)说明这些变化对个人和社会产生的影响。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} For this part you are allowed thirty-five minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Cope with Personal Crisis. You should base your composition on the outline be low: (1) The causes of personal crisis. (2) Ways to deal with personal crisis. You should write 160 - 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.{{/I}}