问答题

问答题 61) {{U}}The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. {{/U}}There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. 62) {{U}}You have all heard it that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that with the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. {{/U}}63) {{U}}And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. {{/U}}To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men, but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. 64) {{U}}There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. {{/U}}65) {{U}}In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. {{/U}}Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

问答题The English middle classes had and have no frontiers: they were and are the recruiting ground of talent, the natural social ladder of all who have capacity for leadership in the wider meaning of the word. 22) Professor Bum has compared the social and economic structure of Britain to an escalator, or moving staircase: some are higher than others, but all are moving slowly up and there is room on the left for the agile to improve their relative as well as their absolute position. The class structure knits society with order and cohesion, providing a graduated slope down which the standards of the highest may descend to the lowest and providing the spur of ambition to urge the best from below into positions of responsibility and influence. While it has always been possible to rise into the middle classes, it has also been possible to rise out of them; and the moment a man rose into them, influences were at work to civilize and change the recruit and fit him and his descendants to new purposes — for service to the community as a whole. 23) A man who wanted social recognition was almost obliged to "do good" with some part of his money, even though he did it hypocritically and with his tongue in his cheek. His children may have done it because it was the thing to do, and yet the more thoughtful of them may have realized that, done or not, it was the right thing, necessary to the character of a gentleman and a Christian. On the continent the bourgeoisie was an isolated part of the nation, but the English middle classes learned to do more than keep their riches and maintain and extend trade and industry: they learned to be wholly national. A feature of English history has been the constant reintegration of groups split off from the main current of national experience — the burgesses, the Puritans, the Nonconformists, the Roman Catholics. Half a century's estrangement between the farmers and the townsmen may yet be healed. 24) The English middle classes are what they are by virtue not of trade but of organization; not of property but of independence; not of power but of government; not solely because they wanted to have but because of what they wanted to be. All that is worst in the reproachful use of the word "middle class" has been present. But something else has also been present, steadily warring against philistinism though with varying success. 25) "What shall we do to be received?" the new middle classes have cried, and in every generation the reply has come — from above and below — "Learn to behave like gentlemen."

问答题Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethecartoonbriefly,(2)interpretitsmeaningand(3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题For this part, you should write a composition on the topic "Practice Makes Perfect" according to the given facts: 1) How to understand "Practice Makes Perfect". 2) Give an example in English study. 3) You can also give one more example. You should write 160-200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.That low moaning sound in the background just might be the founding fathers protesting from beyond the grave. They have been doing it ever since the republicans announced a "religious war" in the name of "traditional values". It grew several decibels louder last week when george bush, at a breakfast of religious leaders, attacked the democrats for failing to mention god in their doctrines and declaimed that a president needs to believe in the almighty. What about the constitutional ban on "religious tests" for public office? The founding fathers would want to know. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}What about Tom Jefferson's conviction that it is possible for a nonbeliever to be a moral person, "find incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise"?{{/U}} Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis on "judeo-christian values". {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It was he who wrote, "We have abundant reasons to rejoice that in this land.., every person may here worship god according to the dictates of his own heart."{{/U}} George Bush should know better than to encourage the theocratic ambitions of the christian right. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}He has claimed—to much ironic scorn—that when he was shot down during World War Ⅱ and lay floating in the pacific for four hours, he meditated on "god and faith and the separation of church and state".{{/U}} But there could be no better themes for a patriot to address in his final moments. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The "wall of separation" the founding fathers built between church and state is one of the best defenses freedom bas ever had. Or have we already forgotten why the founding fathers put it up?{{/U}} They had seen enough religious intolerance in the colonies: quaker women were burned at the stake in puritan massachusetts; Virginians could be jailed for denying the bible's authority. They knew Europe had terribly disfigured itself in a religious war recalled now only by its duration-30 years. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as "the most bloody religion that ever existed, " and that the founding fathers took such pains to keep the hand that holds the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.{{/U}}

问答题In modern society, communication with others is quite necessary, but some people pay no attention to the techniques in coping with personal relations. And the following suggestions will help them do better: (1) Honesty is the best policy. (2) Take an optimistic attitude to life. (3) Being broad-minded is essential.In your essay, you should use the three pieces of information mentioned above.You should write 160 - 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Exercise, everyone advises! But immediately, when you try, you run into trouble. 61) There is so much contradictory, sometimes incorrect advice about exercising that you become confused. Test yourself on the following true false quiz. It will tell you what you need to know. 1. The best way to reduce the mid-section is to do abdominal exercise. False. Many people believe that when specific muscles are exercised, the fatty tissues in the immediate area are"burned up. "62) The truth is that exercise burns fat from all over the body and not from one specific area, regardless of the type of exercise. Of course, if you reduce the fat throughout your body, you will certainly see results around your waistline too! 2. To maintain an adequate level of physical fitness, you need to exercise only twice a week. False. Studies conducted by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, show that unexercised muscles lose their strength very quickly. After 48 to 72 hours, you must use the muscles again to reestablish the good physical effect. And what does that mean to you? 63) NASA scientists concluded that while daily exercise is most beneficial, three alternating days each week will maintain an adequate level of physical fitness. 3. To lose weight you should always "work up a good sweat"when exercising. False. Sweating only lowers body temperature to prevent overheating; it does not help you reduce. You may weigh less immediately after a workout, but this is due to water loss. Once you replace the liquid, you replace the weight. 4. If your breathing doesn't return to normal within minutes after you finish exercising, you've exercised too much. True. Five minutes or so after exercising, your breathing should be normal, your heart shouldn't be pounding, and you shouldn't be exhausted. 64) Beneficial exercise is not overly difficult, unpleasant, and exhausting;it is moderate, enjoyable, and refreshing. 5. Walking is one of the best exercises. True. Walking helps circulation of blood throughout the body, and thus has a direct effect on your overall feeling of health. 6. The minimum amount of time you should spend exercising in a day is 20 minutes. True. There are more than 400 muscles that attach to your skeleton. 65) A good exercise routine should contract and stretch all these muscles, and this simply cannot be done with four or five exercises in five of ten minutes. From experience, I've found that about 20 minutes is the minimum amount of time needed for an adequate workout.

问答题 It doesn't take an Einstein to recognize that Albert Einstein's brain was very different from yours and mine The gray matter housed inside that shaggy head managed to revolutionize our concepts of time, space, motion — the very foundations of physical reality — not just once but several times during his astonishing career. 61){{U}}Yet while there clearly had to be something remarkable about Einstein's brain, the pathologist who removed it from the great physicist's skull after his death reported that the organ was. to all appearances, well within the normal range — no bigger or heavier than anyone else's.{{/U}} But a new analysis of Einstein's brain by Canadian scientists, reported in the current Lancet, reveals that it has some distinctive physical characteristics after all. 62){{U}}A portion of the brain that governs mathematical ability and spatial reasoning—two key ingredients to the sort of thinking Einstein did best — was significantly larger than average and may also have had more interconnections among its ceils, which could have allowed them to work together more effectively.{{/U}} In 1996,Harvey gave much of his data and a significant fraction of the tissue itself to Dr Sandra Witel-son, a neuroscientist who maintains a "brain bank" at McMaster for comparative studies of brain structure and function. 63){{U}}These normal, undiseased brains, willed to science by people whose intelligence had been carefully measured before death, gave Witelson a solid set of benchmarks against which to measure the seat of Einstein's brilliant thoughts.{{/U}} Not only was Einstein's inferior parietal region unusually bulky, the scientists found, but a feature called the Sylvian fissure was much smaller than average, 64){{U}}Without this groove that normally slices through the tissue, the brain cells were pecked close together, permitting more interconnections—which in principle can permit more cross-referencing of information and ideas, leading to great leaps of insight.{{/U}} That's the idea, anyway. But while it's quite plausible according to current neurological theory, that doesn't necessarily make it true. We know Einstein was a genius, end we now know that his brain was physically different from the average. But none of this proves a cause-and-effect relationship. "What you really need, "says McLean's Benes," is to look at the brains of a number of mathematical geniuses to see if the same abnormalities are present." Even if they are, it's possible that the bulked-brains are a result of strenuous mental exercise, not an inherent feature that makes genius possible. 65){{U}}Bottom line: we still don't know whether Einstein was born with an extraordinary mind or whether he earned it, one brilliant idea at a time.{{/U}}