语法与词汇For centuries, in the countries of South and Southeast Asia the elephant has been an intimate part of the culture, economy and religion, and so more than in Thailand

语法与词汇After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, a ll the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing their jobs

语法与词汇Research finds that poor kids are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome comparing to their wealthier peers, unless they have an especially nurturing mother and lots o f maternal warmth

语法与词汇Key________ has been broadcast live on television and radio to help the city keep abreast of the proceedings and to show the wheels of justice turning

语法与词汇The addition of stabilizing devices impaired the aesthetics of the bridge

语法与词汇Jobs which require speed, accuracy, reliability or________ can be performed far better by a robot than a human

语法与词汇The company says the homes are far more efficient than conventional houses and use less power as much as a third

语法与词汇Even if you achieve an exceptional result, chances are whether youlls till be unhappy, as youllfind additional reasons for not being good enough

语法与词汇Although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of medicine remains the same

语法与词汇The president has got to provide a ________ overview of what he is trying to do throughout this explosive region of the world

语法与词汇The new accessibility of land around almost every major city ________an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we know as urbanization

填空题Robert Rosenthal Born in 1933, Robert Rosenthal dashed over the academic hurdles in record time. He received his B. A. at twenty years of age and his Ph.D. by the time he was twenty-three, both at the University of California at Los Angeles. He then spent brief periods at UCLA, Ohio State, and the University of North Dakota. His work 21 increasing notice throughout the professional world. The idea of the self-fulfilling 22 was not new to psychology. What was new, however, was Rosenthal"s 23 to demonstrate how often this phenomenon was 24 the work of the psychologists themselves. His 25 were almost immediately 26 . And, as if to create ore controversy among psychologists, since his early work had not 27 been replicated, the department of social relations at Harvard University 28 halfway across the country to North Dakota and offered Rosenthal a Harvard 29 , all by the time he was twenty-nine years old. 30 the move to the East and more time for research, Rosenthal sifted into 31 gear. He not only replicated his original findings but began to produce 32 on his important concept in a wide variety of areas. As 33 in the text, each time one of his studies is criticized, he has been able to 34 the critics not with rhetoric but rather with more research data to 35 his position. The controversy itself, of course, continues. The 36 outcome has been to produce more evidence, more sophisticated research 37 , and thus more comprehensive information for educational psychology. In 38 , he has now established the importance of nonverbal channels as the meaning of communicating expectations to others.

填空题Our Perception Most of us assume that our eyes send an accurate copy of the external world along nerve pathways to the brain, where it is projected on a kind of screen. Yet there is a good deal of evidence that our impressions are not simply mental photographs of what is going on "out there." Rather, our perceptions are filtered through the lens of our previous experiences, attitudes and beliefs. This is true of even the simplest kinds of perception. For example, when a car appears on the 1 your eyes send an image of a miniature automobile to your 2 , an image that grows larger as the car approaches. What you 3 , however, is a normal-sized car, because you know that cars do not 4 and contract. If the car is yours and you know it"s 5 , you will perceive it as blue whether it"s in bright sunlight, dark shadow, or under a yellow 6 . In much the same way, we adjust our social perceptions to 7 what we know—or think we know. An old 8 illustrates this. A man and his son are in an accident. The 9 is killed; the boy is rushed to the hospital for emergency 10 . The surgeon comes into the operating room, looks at the boy, and 11 , "I can"t operate. That"s my son." Who is the surgeon? The boy"s mother. Many people are 12 by this riddle because they expect a doctor (especially a surgeon) to be a 13 . All of us have this tendency to interpret communications in the 14 of our own ideas and beliefs. Sometimes, different people may 15 different messages in the same communication. Take the TV 16 All in the Family . Students viewers who had been identified 17 highly prejudiced saw the main character, a bigoted white man 18 Archie Bunker, as a likeable grouch who won most of his 19 with members of his family. Students who were low in prejudice thought 20 Archie lost these arguments and that the whole point of the show was to ridicule his prejudices. In short, our perceptions of the social world are anything but accurate copies of what is going on outside. We pick and choose, according to our expectations, and we fit what we see into a mental image of reality which we have already formed. In large part, what we "see" is determined by where we stand in the social system. Ask a fourth-grader, a teacher, a principal, a janitor, and a parent to describe the same school, and you will get five different pictures. Each has different information, and each looks at the same "facts" in a different way. Ask a man and wife to describe their marriage, and you might not know they were talking about the same family. "His" marriage and "her" marriage may be quite different. What is common sense to a man may be nonsense to a woman!

填空题World Water Shortage A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world"s people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private American organization called 1 Action International did the new study. It says 2 than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people 3 enough water now. The people live in twenty-eight 4 . Most of the countries are in Africa or the 5 East. P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says 6 the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people 7 lack water. At least 18 more countries are 8 to have severe water problems. The demand 9 water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth 10 the same. Mr. Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is 11 faster than in other parts of the world. He says 12 growth in these countries will continue to 13 . The report says lack of water in the future may 14 in several problems. It may increase health 15 . Lack of water often means drinking 16 not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems 17 over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, 18 are carried in water. Lack of water may also result 19 more international conflict. Countries may have to 20 for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.

填空题Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of Mind (Truth and Falsehood) On the features which distinguish knowledge from accuracy of response in general, not much can be said from a behaviourist point of view without referring to purpose. But the necessity of SOMETHING besides accuracy of response may be brought out by the {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}consideration: Suppose two persons, of whom one believed {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the other disbelieved, and disbelieved whatever the other {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}. So far as accuracy and sensitiveness of response alone are concerned, {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}would be nothing to choose between these two persons. A thermometer {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}went down for warm weather and up for cold might be just as {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}as the usual kind; and a person who always believes falsely is just as {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}an instrument as a person who always believes truly. The {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}and practical difference between them would be that the one {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}always believed falsely would quickly come to a bad end. This {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}once more that accuracy of response to stimulus does not alone {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}knowledge, but must be reinforced by appropriateness, i. e. suitability for {{U}} {{U}} 27 {{/U}} {{/U}}one's purpose. This applies even in the apparently simple {{U}} {{U}} 28 {{/U}} {{/U}}of answering questions: if the purpose of the answers is to deceive, their {{U}} {{U}} 29 {{/U}} {{/U}}, not their truth, will be evidence of knowledge. The proportion of the {{U}} {{U}} 30 {{/U}} {{/U}}of appropriateness with accuracy in the definition of knowledge is difficult; it seems that both enter in, but that appropriateness is only required as regards the general type of response, not as regards each individual instance.

填空题The Enormity of Wicked Words Someone struck by an event will often say, "Words fail me." Shock, disbelief or anger leaves them unable to synchronize heart, brain and mouth. After a bit of huffing and puffing, words begin to splutter out again as fast and disorganized as water over rocks, which is the way most conversation tumbles along. But what happens when we fail words? That can be more serious. There are warning signs of this betrayal. One is the grafting of fancy new fruit onto old wordstock. Novelist Kingsley Amis pronounced 20 years ago: "If there"s one word that sums up everything that"s gone wrong since the War, it"s workshop ." Amis, ever waspish, presumably was fuming about the 39 of a place of craft into a synonym for group 40 , or into a vacuous verb, as in, "Say Arthur, how "bout we do breakfast and 41 that scenario?" Another indicator of cracks in the building blocks of 42 is elongation, such as the cancerous spread—its cells multiplying 43 than sixfold—of "war" to "military intervention." Once the 44 takes hold, sense can double back upon itself. In 45 Orwell"s Nineteen eighty-Four , suddenly "War is peace. Freedom is 46 . Ignorance is strength." Sometimes we fail words because we let a 47 sense mist into another. For example, disinterested, meaning unbiased, has been 48 up by uninterested. A person in court wants the judge to be one but 49 the other. And if your lawyer is discomfited, he may not be 50 uncomfortable but overwhelmingly defeated, or routed. In 51 case, any praise he may get from you will be fulsome, not copious 52 insincere. Where"s the enormity in all this—enormity meaning 53 , not hugeness? An old wordsmith I knew, the late Stephen Murray-Smith, 54 that while it"s stuffy to resist blindly the fact that meanings change, "when a new 55 tends to diminish or drive out an old and important usage it should be 56 ." He urged people to fight "the enormity of using enormity to mean enormous." The problem runs 57 than the loss of clarity in euphemism or maddening appropriations by advertisers. We can even 58 cede a time-honored meaning to those in need of a less prejudicial tag, as in gay.

填空题In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Some consumer researchers distinguish {{U}}(1) {{/U}} "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" {{U}}(2) {{/U}} the traditional economic sense that assumes {{U}}(3) {{/U}} consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives {{U}}(4) {{/U}} choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). {{U}}(5) {{/U}} a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based {{U}}(6) {{/U}} totally objective criteria, such {{U}}(7) {{/U}} size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods {{U}}(8) {{/U}} to personal or subjective criteria—the desire {{U}}(9) {{/U}} individuality, pride, fear, affection or status. The assumption underlying this distinction is {{U}}(10) {{/U}} subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. {{U}}(11) {{/U}}, it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, {{U}}(12) {{/U}} their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based {{U}}(13) {{/U}} the individual's own needs as {{U}}(14) {{/U}} as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear {{U}}(15) {{/U}} irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational {{U}}(16) {{/U}} the context of the consumer's own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one's self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. {{U}}(17) {{/U}} behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it {{U}}(18) {{/U}} the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. {{U}}(19) {{/U}} the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted. Some researchers go so far {{U}}(20) {{/U}} to suggest that emphasis {{U}}(21) {{/U}} "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously {{U}}(22) {{/U}} maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not {{U}}(23) {{/U}} subconscious drives but from rational preferences,{{U}} (24) {{/U}} what they perceive to be {{U}}(25) {{/U}} their own best interests.

填空题Tidiness Tidiness means keeping things out of sight and yet available when wanted. It implies that there is a (1) for everything and that each thing used finds its way (2) to its place by a continuos process, not by a spasmodic (3) . The process depends, however, upon the drawer, cupboard and storage (4) being provided, for lack of which one things may literally have (5) place to go. Like the perambulator and trolley, the luggage and the golfclubs (6) be homeless. The same may be true of the deck-chairs (7) the bulkier plastic toys. As there is no place for them, it is no (8) telling people to put them away. The architect who thus economises on (9) space is apt to claim that a good-sized sitting-room is (10) result. What advantage is there in that, however, (11) half the living-room has to be used for storage? The aesthetic (12) depends, in turn, upon storage space. (13) it may be true that no house ever had cupboards enough, (14) are some houses which have practically no cupboards (15) all. In these our choice must lie between chronic (16) and ruthless destruction. That is not to say, however, (17) cupboard space will itself create tidiness. Some people (18) happier, it would seem, in chaos. There is the question, furthermore, (19) the cupboards themselves are tidy. That (20) has been swept out of sight is no proof, in itself, that everything can be found.

填空题Erikson makes the point of the critical {{U}}important{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of identity formation during middle and late {{U}}adolescences{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. He sees diffusion as a major setback. He often uses Biff, the son in Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman, as an example. {{U}}Catching{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the midst of a series of confusing and {{U}}contradict{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}expectations, Biff appears aimless and lost. "I just can't take hold, Mom, I can't take {{U}}holding{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of some kind of life." Bewildered, he exemplifies a person who has no identity. His self-definition is {{U}}diffusing{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}—in deed, almost atomized. Recently, a major study was conducted of college students in teacher training. Training programs require {{U}}for{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}both skill and commitment, since the student teacher must learn academic material and then be able to present it to {{U}}neither{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}high school or {{U}}elemental{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}school students in coherent and concise procedures. Student teacher regularly report how demanding and how {{U}}personal{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}stretching such a role is. Student teaching, {{U}}particular{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}in junior and senior high schools, can often come close to the chaos described in William Gording's novel Lord of the Flies if the teen-agers decide that it's {{U}}time{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}challenge a beginning teacher. Thus the stress factor is a major component of the student teacher's role. If Erikson's theory has {{U}}validate{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}, then college students might perform in such a demanding role in accordance {{U}}to{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}their stage of identity formation. To test that hypothesis, Shirley Walter and Eugene Stivers sorted a large sample of student teachers (N=319) by Erikson's level of identity versus diffusion. They next {{U}}assess{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}the actual in-class teaching effectiveness on an important series of elements: responsiveness to pupil questions, open-ended questions, empathy, use of positive reinforcement, accuracy of content—{{U}}by{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}short, characteristics of what is often called higher-order teaching. The results were almost exactly as we would predict from Erikson's theory. The teachers with {{U}}highest{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}scores on identity resolution were the most effective in {{U}}response{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}teaching and classroom management. The student teachers with high scores on identity diffusion were the least effective. Such student teachers had difficulty accepting pupil ideas, asked rote questions, and {{U}}exhibit{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}uneven classroom management. In fact, the Erikson identity score was the single most important {{U}}predict{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}variable. The study included variables such as college board score (SAT), the cumulative grade point average, and IQ. None of those cognitive elements were as powerful as the measure of identity status. The student teachers, particularly the males, who {{U}}was{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}the most confused in the process of identity formation (i. e., who had the highest diffusion index scores) had the greatest difficulty in teaching. In Erikson's sense they apparently were still so far from resolving their identity conflicts that "they couldn't take hold."

填空题Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated. An anthropologist and a team of researchers have (1) some of the arcane rituals of British pubs—starting with the (2) of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters—you (3) to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths (4) for 45 minutes before they realized they would have to (5) for their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a (6) purpose. Pub culture is designed to (7) sociability in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the (8) for service allows you to chat with others (9) to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only (10) in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with (11) is considered entirely appropriate and really quite normal (12) . "If you haven't been to a pub, you (13) been to Britain." This tip can be found in a (14) , Passport to the Pub: The Tourists' Guide to Pub Etiquette, a (15) code of conduct for those wanting to sample "a central part of (16) life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not (17) the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For (18) , if you are in a big group, it is best if only one (19) two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates the (20) customers and bar staff more than a gang of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and dither about what to order.