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单选题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}

单选题 The history of American newspapers has paralleled the history of our culture. As our society has changed, so have its newspapers. Early colonial newspapers were designed for the elite — those who were interested in political and business information. With the advent of new technology, compulsory education and the major cultural changes brought on by industrialization and urbanization, newspapers moved into the popular culture with the advent of the penny press. The significant changes in our society as the United States was transformed into a truly industrial nation between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the 20th century brought about many changes in American journalism, including the era of sensationalism, or yellow journalism. Twentieth-century newspapers, for the most part, have attempted to blend objectivity and social responsibility. This era also has seen the development of electronic news media, interpretative reporting, investigative reporting, advocacy journalism, "new journalism" and specialized newspapers. Wire services play an important role in gathering news and information for the mass media. The two largest American wire services are the Associated Press and United Press International. The other dominant worldwide news sources are AFP, Reuters and Tass, headquartered in Paris, London and Moscow, respectively. Individual biases and other problems play a role in making mass communication a complex activity. Although the various functions of the media — to inform, entertain, influence, advertise and transmit culture — are criticized, the most severely criticized is the function to inform. Reasons for this are that people (1) tend to blame the messenger for unpleasant information, (2) fail to understand the watchdog function of the media, (3) believe the myth that the mass media dwell only on bad news and (4) bring their own biases into the information-sharing process. The history of American newspapers has paralleled the history of our culture. As our society has changed, so have its newspapers. Early colonial newspapers were designed for the elite — those who were interested in political and business information. With the advent of new technology, compulsory education and the major cultural changes brought on by industrialization and urbanization, newspapers moved into the popular culture with the advent of the penny press. The significant changes in our society as the United States was transformed into a truly industrial nation between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the 20th century brought about many changes in American journalism, including the era of sensationalism, or yellow journalism. Twentieth-century newspapers, for the most part, have attempted to blend objectivity and social responsibility. This era also has seen the development of electronic news media, interpretative reporting, investigative reporting, advocacy journalism, "new journalism" and specialized newspapers. Wire services play an important role in gathering news and information for the mass media. The two largest American wire services are the Associated Press and United Press International. The other dominant worldwide news sources are AFP, Reuters and Tass, headquartered in Paris, London and Moscow, respectively. Individual biases and other problems play a role in making mass communication a complex activity. Although the various functions of the media — to inform, entertain, influence, advertise and transmit culture — are criticized, the most severely criticized is the function to inform. Reasons for this are that people (1) tend to blame the messenger for unpleasant information, (2) fail to understand the watchdog function of the media, (3) believe the myth that the mass media dwell only on bad news and (4) bring their own biases into the information-sharing process.

单选题In the 1940s

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单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}}

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单选题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}}

单选题Whatisthecommonopinionaboutageandwork?a.Workgetsaloteasieraftertheageof40.b.Mostofone'sworkisdonebeforetheageof40.c.Thereisn'tmuchworktodoaftertheageof40.d.Workgetsmoredifficultaftertheageof40.

单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}

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问答题{{I}}Listen to the following passage. Write a short English summary of around 150 words of what you have heard. This part of the test carries 30 points. You will hear the passage only once. At the end of the recording, you will have 25 minutes to finish this part. You may need to scribble a few notes in order to write your summary satisfactorily.{{/I}}

问答题 A three-year-old Brooklyn girl who suffered a skull fracture and was so malnourished that court papers described her as "skin and bones" died yesterday morning. Before the child died, her parents were arrested on abuse charges, but now they could face more serious charges. Officials said yesterday that a grand jury would begin this week to weigh charges against her parents in the death. The girl''s mother initially told detectives that the child was not hers and that she had recently been smuggled into the United States from Mexico, where she suffered the injuries, the police said. But the mother has since admitted that she withheld food from the girl, Edith Gonzalez, as punishment, a senior law enforcement official said. The woman, who also gave the police a false name and address when she was arrested late Monday, was arraigned yesterday on charges of endangering the welfare of a child, a felony, and reckless endangerment, a misdemeanor. Her boyfriend, the child''s father, was arrested late Tuesday and arraigned yesterday on the same charges. Both pleaded not guilty and were held without bail. At the two arraignments yesterday, in Brooklyn Criminal Court, and in interviews with investigators and neighbors, a picture began to emerge of a household where abuse of the little girl seemed more the rule rather than the exception. Punishment, as the child''s mother and father put it in statements to the police and prosecutors, was not limited to withholding food and beatings — he said he beat her with his fists, a belt and a cable and that the child''s mother struck the three-year-old with a cable, according to court papers and the law enforcement official. The mother also admitted that she sometimes plunged the child into a tub filled with ice water, the official said. The mother, now identified as Tania Cabrera, 23, first told the police that her name was Patricia Aguirre and that she was 25 years old. Ms. Cabrera, in her statements to the police and prosecutors, detailed instances of abuse in the home that the couple share on George Street in Bushwick, Brooklyn, with their daughter and Ms. Cabrera''s five-year-old boy with another man, the official said. She said her boyfriend, Edison Gonzalez, 19, favored Edith over the boy, Javier, prompting arguments, and Ms. Cabrera said she eventually took out her frustration on the girl, the official said. Ms. Cabrera also said Mr. Gonzalez would drink and become abusive. It remained unclear yesterday exactly how the little girl suffered the skull fracture and cerebral bruising that were among her most serious injuries, but the criminal complaints charging Ms. Cabrera said that the child had seizures on both Sunday and Monday, and that on the second day, the child fell from a chair, striking her head. An autopsy to determine the cause of death, which will in some measure determine whether more serious charges are brought, will be performed today, officials said. A three-year-old Brooklyn girl who suffered a skull fracture and was so malnourished that court papers described her as "skin and bones" died yesterday morning. Before the child died, her parents were arrested on abuse charges, but now they could face more serious charges. Officials said yesterday that a grand jury would begin this week to weigh charges against her parents in the death. The girl''s mother initially told detectives that the child was not hers and that she had recently been smuggled into the United States from Mexico, where she suffered the injuries, the police said. But the mother has since admitted that she withheld food from the girl, Edith Gonzalez, as punishment, a senior law enforcement official said. The woman, who also gave the police a false name and address when she was arrested late Monday, was arraigned yesterday on charges of endangering the welfare of a child, a felony, and reckless endangerment, a misdemeanor. Her boyfriend, the child''s father, was arrested late Tuesday and arraigned yesterday on the same charges. Both pleaded not guilty and were held without bail. At the two arraignments yesterday, in Brooklyn Criminal Court, and in interviews with investigators and neighbors, a picture began to emerge of a household where abuse of the little girl seemed more the rule rather than the exception. Punishment, as the child''s mother and father put it in statements to the police and prosecutors, was not limited to withholding food and beatings — he said he beat her with his fists, a belt and a cable and that the child''s mother struck the three-year-old with a cable, according to court papers and the law enforcement official. The mother also admitted that she sometimes plunged the child into a tub filled with ice water, the official said. The mother, now identified as Tania Cabrera, 23, first told the police that her name was Patricia Aguirre and that she was 25 years old. Ms. Cabrera, in her statements to the police and prosecutors, detailed instances of abuse in the home that the couple share on George Street in Bushwick, Brooklyn, with their daughter and Ms. Cabrera''s five-year-old boy with another man, the official said. She said her boyfriend, Edison Gonzalez, 19, favored Edith over the boy, Javier, prompting arguments, and Ms. Cabrera said she eventually took out her frustration on the girl, the official said. Ms. Cabrera also said Mr. Gonzalez would drink and become abusive. It remained unclear yesterday exactly how the little girl suffered the skull fracture and cerebral bruising that were among her most serious injuries, but the criminal complaints charging Ms. Cabrera said that the child had seizures on both Sunday and Monday, and that on the second day, the child fell from a chair, striking her head. An autopsy to determine the cause of death, which will in some measure determine whether more serious charges are brought, will be performed today, officials said.

问答题Originally just a novelty

问答题Listen to a passage about Psychology Wednesday, a radio program. You may take notes while you're listening. Then write a summary of 150 to 200 words based on your notes. You will hear the passage only once.

问答题{{I}}Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150 words of what you have heard on the ANSWER SHEET. This part of the test carries 30 points. You will hear the passage only once. At the end of the recording, you will have 25 minutes to finish this part. You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary.{{/I}}