Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A it progresses as we learn innovative ways of doing things.B the trends and standards are changing.C their jobs depend on it.D they care about their school rankings and government funds.E it helps students to go into top business firms.

What is the internship stipulation of each country below?Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 13-16.Internship StipulationA home stayB no summer programC minimum time requirementD formal report requiredE specific time periodF agriculture

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.WHAT COOKBOOKS REALLY TEACH USA Shelves bend under their weight of cookery books. Even a medium-sized bookshop contains many more recipes than one person could hope to cook in a lifetime. Although the recipes in one book are often similar to those in another, their presentation varies wildly, from an array of vegetarian cookbooks to instructions on cooking the food that historical figures might have eaten. The reason for this abundance is that cookbooks promise to bring about a kind of domestic transformation for the user. The daily routine can be put to one side and they liberate the user, if only temporarily. To follow their instructions is to turn a task which has to be performed every day into an engaging, romantic process. Cookbooks also provide an opportunity to delve into distant cultures without having to turn up at an airport to get there.B The first Western cookbook appeared just over 1,600 years ago. De re coquinara(it means 'concerning cookery')is attributed to a Roman gourmet named Apicius. It is probably a compilation of Roman and Greek recipes, some or all of them drawn from manuscripts that were later lost. The editor was sloppy, allowing several duplicated recipes to sneak in. Yet Apicius's book set the tone of cookery advice in Europe for more than a thousand years. As a cookbook it is unsatisfactory with very basic instructions. Joseph Vehling, a chef who translated Apicius in the 1930s, suggested the author had been obscure on purpose, in case his secrets leaked out.C But a more likely reason is that Apicius's recipes were written by and for professional cooks, who could follow their shorthand. This situation continued for hundreds of years. There was no order to cookbooks: a cake recipe might be followed by a mutton one. But then, they were not written for careful study. Before the 19th century few educated people cooked for themselves. The wealthiest employed literate chefs; others presumably read recipes to their servants. Such cooks would have been capable of creating dishes from the vaguest of instructions.D The invention of printing might have been expected to lead to greater clarity but at first the reverse was true. As words acquired commercial value, plagiarism exploded. Recipes were distorted through reproduction. A recipe for boiled capon in The Good Huswives Jewell, printed in 1596, advised the cook to add three or four dates. By 1653, when the recipe was given by a different author in A Book of Fruits she elevated it to the status of science. 'Progress in civilisation has been accompanied by progress in cookery,' she breezily announced in The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, before launching into a collection of recipes that sometimes resembles a book of chemistry experiments. She was occasionally over-fussy. She explained that currants should be picked between June 28th and July 3rd, but not when it is raining. But in the main her book is reassuringly authoritative. Its recipes are short, with no unnecessary chat and no unnecessary spices.I In 1950 Mediterranean Food by Elizabeth David launched a revolution in cooking advice in Britain. In some ways Mediterranean Food recalled even older cookbooks but the smells and noises that filled David's books were not mere decoration for her recipes. They were the point of her books. When she began to write, many ingredients were not widely available or affordable. She understood this, acknowledging in a later edition of one of her books that 'even if people could not very often make the dishes here described, it was stimulating to think about them.' David's books were not so much cooking manuals as guides to the kind of food people might well wish to eat.Questions 14-16Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet. Why are there so many cookery books?There are a great number more cookery books published than is really necessary and it is their【R14】______which makes them differ from each other. There are such large numbers because they offer people an escape from their【R15】______and some give the user the chance to inform themselves about other【R16】______

Choose THREE letters, A-G.Which THREE compulsory courses must be taken?A Medical ScienceB ComputingC MathematicsD Laboratory TechniquesE StatisticsF MedicineG Environmental Science

People are surrounded by advertising and there is an increasing effect on our lives. Do you think the positive effects outweigh the negative effects? (2015-12-05)

Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet. Geoengineering projectsA range of geoengineering ideas has been put forward, which aim either to prevent the melting of the ice caps or to stop the general rise in global temperatures. One scheme to discourage the melting of ice and snow involves introducing【R19】______to the Arctic because of their colour. The build-up of ice could be encouraged by dispersing ice along the coasts using special ships and changing the direction of some【R20】______but this scheme is dependent on certain weather conditions. Another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using【R21】______to bring water to the surface. A scheme to stop ice moving would use【R22】______but this method is more likely to be successful in preventing the ice from travelling in one direction rather than stopping it altogether. A suggestion for cooling global temperatures is based on what has happened in the past after【R23】______and it involves creating clouds of gas.

According to the writer, what problems are faced when regulating video games?

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Stress of WorkplaceA How busy is too busy? For some it means having to miss the occasional long lunch; for others it means missing lunch altogether. For a few, it is not being able to take a "sickie" once a month. Then there is a group of people for whom working every evening and weekend is normal, and franticness is the tempo of their lives. For most senior executives, workloads swing between extremely busy and frenzied. The vice-president of the management consultancy AT Kearney and its head of telecommunications for the Asia-Pacific region, Neil Plumridge, says his work weeks vary from a "manageable" 45 hours to 80 hours, but average 60 hours.B Three warning signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep, scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he gets less than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights; when he is constantly having to reschedule appointments; "and the third one is on the family side", says Plumridge, the father of a three-year-old daughter, and expecting a second child in October. "If I happen to miss a birthday or anniversary, I know things are out of control." Being "too busy" is highly subjective. But for any individual, the perception of being too busy over a prolonged period can start showing up as stress: disturbed sleep, and declining mental and physical health. National workers' compensation figures show stress causes the most lost time of any workplace injury. Employees suffering stress are off work an average of 16.6 weeks. The effects of stress are also expensive. Comcare, the Federal Government insurer, reports that in 2003-04, claims for psychological injury accounted for 7% of claims but almost 27% of claim costs. Experts say the key to dealing with stress is not to focus on relief—a game of golf or a massage—but to reassess workloads. Neil Plumridge says he makes it a priority to work out what has to change; that might mean allocating extra resources to a job, allowing more time or changing expectations. The decision may take several days. He also relies on the advice of colleagues, saying his peers coach each other with business problems. "Just a fresh pair of eyes over an issue can help," he says.C Executive stress is not confined to big organisations. Vanessa Stoykov has been running her own advertising and public relations business for seven years, specialising in work for financial and professional services firms. Evolution Media has grown so fast that it debuted on the BRW Fast 100 list of fastest-growing small enterprises last year—just after Stoykov had her first child. Stoykov thrives on the mental stimulation of running her own business. "Like everyone, I have the occasional day when I think my head's going to blow off," she says. Because of the growth phase the business is in, Stoykov has to concentrate on short-term stress relief—weekends in the mountains, the occasional "mental health" day—rather than delegating more work. She says: "We're hiring more people, but you need to train them, teach them about the culture and the clients, so it's actually more work rather than less."D Identify the causes: Jan Eisner, Melbourne psychologist who specialises in executive coaching, says thriving on a demanding workload is typical of senior executives and other high-potential business people. She says there is no one-size-fits-all approach to stress: some people work best with high-adrenalin periods followed by quieter patches, while others thrive under sustained pressure. "We could take urine and blood hormonal measures and pass a judgement of whether someone's physiologically stressed or not," she says. "But that's not going to give us an indicator of what their experience of stress is, and what the emotional and cognitive impacts of stress are going to be."E Eisner's practice is informed by a movement known as positive psychology, a school of thought that argues "positive" experiences—feeling engaged, challenged, and that one is making a contribution to something meaningful—do not balance out negative ones such as stress; instead, they help people increase their resilience over time. Good stress, or positive experiences of being challenged and rewarded, is thus cumulative in the same way as bad stress. Eisner says many of the senior business people she coaches are relying more on regulating bad stress through methods such as meditation and yoga. She points to research showing that meditation can alter the biochemistry of the brain and actually help people "retrain" the way their brains and bodies react to stress. "Meditation and yoga enable you to shift the way that your brain reacts, so if you get proficient at it you're in control."F Recent research, such as last year's study of public servants by the British epidemiologist Sir Michael Marmot, shows the most important predictor of stress is the level of job control a person has. This debunks the theory that stress is the prerogative of high-achieving executives with type-A personalities and crazy working hours. Instead, Marmot's and other research reveals they have the best kind of job: one that combines high demands (challenging work) with high control (autonomy). "The worst jobs are those that combine high demands and low control. People with demanding jobs but little autonomy have up to four times the probability of depression and more than double the risk of heart disease," LaMontagne says. "Those two alone count for an enormous part of chronic diseases, and they represent a potentially preventable part." Overseas, particularly in Europe, such research is leading companies to redesign organisational practices to increase employees' autonomy, cutting absenteeism and lifting productivity.G The Australian vice-president of AT Kearney, Neil Plumridge says, "Often stress is caused by our setting unrealistic expectations of ourselves. I'll promise a client I'll do something tomorrow, and then [promise] another client the same thing, when I really know it's not going to happen. I've put stress on myself when I could have said to the clients: 'Why don't I give that to you in 48 hours?' The client doesn't care." Overcommitting is something people experience as an individual problem. We explain it as the result of procrastination or Parkinson's law: that work expands to fill the time available. New research indicates that people may be hard-wired to do it.H A study in the February issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology shows that people always believe they will be less busy in the future than now. This is a misapprehension, according to the authors of the report, Professor Gal Zauberman, of the University of North Carolina, and Professor John Lynch, of Duke University. "On average, an individual will be just as busy two weeks or a month from now as he or she is today. But that is not how it appears to be in everyday life," they wrote. "People often make commitments long in advance that they would never make if the same commitments required immediate action. That is, they discount future time investments relatively steeply." Why do we perceive a greater "surplus" of time in the future than in the present? The researchers suggest that people underestimate completion times for tasks stretching into the future, and that they are bad at imagining future competition for their time.Questions 14-18Look at the following statements (Questions 14-18) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A-D.Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of PeopleA Jan EisnerB Vanessa StoykovC Gal ZaubermanD Neil Plumridge

International sporting events make an important contribution to international peace. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Thepiechartbelowshowsthemainreasonswhyagriculturallandbecomeslessproductive.Thetableshowshowthesecausesaffectedthreeregionsoftheworldduringthe1990s.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Writeatleast150words.

Some people think that cultural traditions are destroyed as they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Other people believe that it is the only way for such traditions to be saved in the world today. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (2015-12-19)

Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following beliefs are identified as mistaken in the text?A Inherited wealth brings less happiness than earned wealth.B Social status affects our perception of how happy we are.C An optimistic outlook ensures success.D Unhappiness can and should be avoided.E Extremes of emotion are normal in the young.

Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than promoting quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Complete the sentences below.Write ONLY ONE WORD for each answer. Manufacturing in the English Midlands

Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet

Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following research methods are mentioned in the passage?A the use of existing data relating to a geographical areaB measuring the space given to a variety of activitiesC watching what people do in different parts of a buildingD analysing decisions made during the planning of a buildingE observing patients' reactions to each other

What do the students decide about the following parts of the project? Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 27-30.A Jane will doB Douglas will doC They will do together

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.WhatDoBabiesKnow?AsDanielHaworthissettledintoahighchairandwheeledbehindablackscreen,asuddenlookofworryfurrowshis9-month-oldbrow.Hisdarkblueeyesdartleftandrightinsearchofthefamiliarreassuranceofhismother'sface.Shecallshisnameandmakessoothingnoises,butDanielsensessomethingunusualishappening.Hesuckshisfingersforcomfort,but,findingnosolace,hismonthcrumples,hisbodystiffens,andheletsripanalmightyshriekofdistress.Thisistheusualexpressionwhenbabiesareleftaloneorabandoned.Mompickshimup,reassureshim,andtwominuteslater,achortlingandalertDanielreturnstothedarkenedboothbehindthescreenandsubmitshimselftobabylab,aunitsetupin2005attheUniversityofManchesterinnorthwestEnglandtoinvestigatehowbabiesthink.Watchinginfantspiecelifetogether,seeingtheirsenses,emotionsandmotorskillstakeshape,isasourceofmysteryandendlessfascination—atleasttoparentsanddevelopmentalpsychologists.Wecandecodetheirsignalsofdistressorreadamillionmessagesintotheirfirstsmile.Buthowmuchdowereallyknowaboutwhat'sgoingonbehindthosewide,innocenteyes?Howmuchoftheirunderstandingofandresponsetotheworldcomespreloadedatbirth?Howmuchisbuiltfromscratchbyexperience?Sucharethequestionsbeingexploredatbabylab.Thoughthefacilityisjust18monthsoldandhastestedonly100infants,it'salreadychallengingcurrentthinkingonwhatbabiesknowandhowtheycometoknowit.Danielisnowengrossedinwatchingvideoclipsofaredtoytrainonacirculartrack.Thetraindisappearsintoatunnelandemergesontheotherside.AhiddendeviceabovethescreenistrackingDaniel'seyesastheyfollowthetrainandmeasuringthediametreofhispupils50timesasecond.Asthechildgetsbored—or"habituated",aspsychologistscalltheprocess—hisattentionlevelsteadilydrops.Butitpicksupalittlewheneversomenoveltyisintroduced.Thetrainmightbegreen,oritmightbeblue.Andsometimesanimpossiblethinghappens—thetraingoesintothetunnelonecolorandcomesoutanother.Variationsofexperimentslikethisone,examininginfantattention,havebeenastandardtoolofdevelopmentalpsychologyeversincetheSwisspioneerofthefield,JeanPiaget,startedexperimentingonhischildreninthe1920s.Piaget'sworkledhimtoconcludethatinfantsyoungerthan9monthshavenoinnateknowledgeofhowtheworldworksoranysenseof"objectpermanence"(thatpeopleandthingsstillexistevenwhenthey'renotseen).Instead,babiesmustgraduallyconstructthisknowledgefromexperience.Piaget's"constructivist"theoriesweremassivelyinfluentialonpostwareducatorsandpsychologist,butoverthepast20yearsorsotheyhavebeenlargelysetasidebyanewgenerationof"nativist"psychologistsandcognitivescientistswhosemoresophisticatedexperimentsledthemtotheorisethatinfantsarrivealreadyequippedwithsomeknowledgeofthephysicalworldandevenrudimentaryprogrammingformathandlanguage.BabylabdirectorSylvainSiroishasbeenputtingthesesmart-babytheoriesthrougharigoroussetoftests.HisconclusionssofartendtobemorePiagetian:"Babies,"hesays,"knownothing."WhatSiroisandhispostgraduateassistantLainJacksonarechallengingistheinterpretationofavarietyofclassicexperimentsbeguninthemid-1980sinwhichbabieswereshownphysicaleventsthatappearedtoviolatesuchbasicconceptsasgravity,solidityandcontiguity.Inonesuchexperiment,byUniversityofIllinoispsychologistReneeBaillargeon,ahingedwoodenpanelappearedtopassrightthroughabox.BaillargeonandM.I.T'sElizabethSpelkefoundthatbabiesasyoungas3monthswouldreliablylooklongerattheimpossibleeventthanatthenormalone.Theirconclusion:babieshaveenoughbuilt-inknowledgetorecognisethatsomethingiswrong.Siroisdoesnottakeissuewiththewaytheseexperimentswereconducted."Themethodsarecorrectandreplicable,"hesays,"it'stheinterpretationthat'stheproblem."InacriticalreviewtobepublishedintheforthcomingissueoftheEuropeanJournalofDevelopmentalPsychology,heandJacksonpourcoldwateroverrecentexperimentsthatclaimtohaveobservedinnateorprecocioussocialcognitionskillsininfants.Hisownexperimentsindicatethatababy'sfascinationwithphysicallyimpossibleeventsmerelyreflectsaresponsetostimulithatarenovel.Datafromtheeyetrackerandthemeasurementofthepupils(whichwideninresponsetoarousalorinterest)showthatimpossibleeventsinvolvingfamiliarobjectsarenomoreinterestingthanpossibleeventsinvolvingnovelobjects.Inotherwords,whenDanielhadseentheredtraincomeoutofthetunnelgreenafewtimes,hegetsasboredaswhenitstaysthesamecolor.Themistakeofpreviousresearch,saysSirois,hasbeentoleaptotheconclusionthatinfantscanunderstandtheconceptofimpossibilityfromthemerefactthattheyareabletoperceivesomenoveltyinit."Therealexplanationisboring,"hesays.Sohowdobabiesbridgethegapbetweenknowingsquatanddrawingtriangles—ataskDaniel'ssisterLois,2,ishappilytacklingasshewaitsforherbrother?"Babieshavetolearneverything,butasPiagetwassaying,theystartwithafewprimitivereflexesthatgetthingsgoing,"saidSirois.Forexample,hardwiredinthebrainisaninstinctthatdrawsababy'seyestoahumanface.Frombrainimagingstudieswealsoknowthatthebrainhassomesortofvisualbufferthatcontinuestorepresentobjectsaftertheyhavebeenremoved—alingeringperceptionratherthanconceptualunderstanding.Sowhenbabiesencounternovelorunexpectedevents,Siroisexplains,"there'samismatchbetweenthebufferandtheinformationthey'regettingatthatmoment.Andwhatyoudowhenyou'vegotamismatchisyoutrytoclearthebuffer.Andthattakesattention."Solearning,saysSirois,isessentiallythelaboriousbusinessofresolvingmismatches."Thethingis,youcandoalotofitwiththiswetstickythingcalledabrain.It'safantastic,statistical-learningmachine".Daniel,examsended,picksupaplastictigerand,chewingthoughtfullyuponitsheat,smilesasiftoagree.Questions27-32DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Inboxes27-32onyouanswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictswiththeinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis.

The following are essential requirements for which jobs? Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 11-15. Essential requirements A foreign languagesB willingness to travel abroadC professional qualification

Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.