填空题Historically, new forms of distributing entertainment have alarmed those well-established in the business.

填空题The tree cover in Ireland once declined from________to less than 2% of the land area.

填空题Question 13 The best title of the short passage isA. Yelp, the best dating site.B. Yelp, the best communicating site.C. Yelp, the next dating site.D. Yelp, the better choic

填空题 · good communicator with interesting 21 ______· knows students—doesn't 22 ______ at primary/secondary levels· knows subject at both 23 ______ levels· takes students step by step· honest and 24 ______· clothes—25 ______

填空题{{B}}Questions 36-40{{/B}}Complete the following sentences using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER{{/B}} for each gap.

填空题The things that are taught in history classes often tell us how countries and people ______.

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填空题The first known medical writing in China dates back to the ... 38 ....

填空题Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

填空题Paragraph C

填空题Questions 31-34 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Holidays and Festivals The main religion in Britain is (31) Traditional Christmas activities: · Christmas Pantomime—a comical musical play · (32) gives a speech on TV and radio. · (33) is on the day after Christmas. The most important Christian holiday in Britain is (34)

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填空题Questions 28-37 Complete the notes below.

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Musical MaladiesNorman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks on music.Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book— which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata—makes a positive impression that is borne out by the contents of the book. Sacks's voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the "enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perception and imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone." He also stresses the importance of "the simple art of observation" and "the richness of the human context." He wants to combine "observation and description with the latest in technology," he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is torn between the "old-fashioned" path of observation and the newfangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former.The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I, "Haunted by Music," begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a "torrent" of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological?(He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.)Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography(EEG)showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his trauma and subsequent "conversion" to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame!Part II, "A Range of Musicality," covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about "amusia," an inability to hear sounds as music, and "dysharmonia," a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific "dissociations" are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.To Sacks's credit, part III, "Memory, Movement and Music," brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how "melodic intonation therapy" is being used to help expressive aphasic patients(those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident)once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinson's patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect.To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.It's true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity.Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no "cures" for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which "damp down" the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely.Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have "normal" EEG results. Although Sacks recognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book's preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that "the simple art of observation may be lost" if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.Questions 27-30Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

填空题Listen to the conversation and fill out the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each blank.

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填空题{{B}}SECTION 3 Question 21-30{{/B}} {{B}}Questions 21-25{{/B}}Complete the following sentences using {{B}}NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS{{/B}} for each gap.

填空题Who is currently the best-selling children's writer?

填空题Confidential was first published in the 1950s.

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Fruit BookIt's not every scientist who writes books for people who can't read. And how many scientists want their books to look as dog-eared as possible? But Patricia Shanley, an ethnobotanist, wanted to give something back. After the poorest people of the Amazon allowed her to study their land and its ecology, she turned her research findings into a picture book that tells the local people how to get a good return on their trees without succumbing to the lure of a quick buck from a logging company. It has proved a big success.A The book is called Fruit Trees and Useful Plants in the Lives ofAmazonians, but is better known simply as the "fruit book". The second edition was produced at the request of politicians in western Amazonia. Its blend of hard science and local knowledge on the use and trade of 35 native forest species has been so well received(and well used)that no less a dignitary than Brazil's environment minister, Marina Silva, has written the foreword. "There is nothing else like the Shanley book," says Adalberto Verrisimo, director of the Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon. "It gives science back to the poor, to the people who really need it."B Shanley's work on the book began a decade ago, with a plea for help from the Rural Workers' Union of Paragominas, a Brazilian town whose prosperity is based on exploitation of timber. The union realised that logging companies would soon be knocking on the doors of the caboclos, peasant farmers living on the Rio Gapim, an Amazon tributary in the Brazilian state of Para. Isolated and illiterate, the caboclos would have little concept of the true value of their trees; communities downstream had already sold off large blocks of forest for a pittance. "What they wanted to know was how valuable the forests were," recalls Shanley, then a researcher in the area for the Massachusetts-based Woods Hole Research Center.G The Rural Workers' Union wanted to know whether harvesting wild fruits would make economic sense in the Rio Gapim. "There was a lot of interest in trading non-timber forest products(NTFPs)," Shanley says. At the time, environmental groups and green-minded businesses were promoting the idea. This was the view presented in a seminal paper, Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest, published in Nature in 1989. The researchers had calculated that revenues from the sale of fruits could far exceed those from a one-off sale of trees to loggers. "The union was keen to discover whether it made more sense conserving the forest for subsistence use and the possible sale of fruit, game and medicinal plants, than selling trees for timber," says Shanley. Whether it would work for the caboclos was far from clear.D Although Shanley had been invited to work in the Rio Gapim, some caboclos were suspicious. "When Patricia asked if she could study my forest," says Joao Fernando Moreira Brito, "my neighbours said she was a foreigner who'd come to rob me of my trees." In the end, Moreira Brito, or Mangueira as he is known, welcomed Shanley and worked on her study. His land, an hour's walk from the Rio Gapim, is almost entirely covered with primary forest. A study of this and other tracts of forest selected by the communities enabled Shanley to identify three trees, found throughout the Amazon, whose fruit was much favoured by the caboclos: bacuri(Platonia insignis), uxi(Endopleura uchi)and piquia(Gayocas villosum). The caboclos used their fruits, extracted oils, and knew what sort of wildlife they attracted. But, in the face of aggressive tactics from the logging companies, they had no measure of the trees' financial worth. The only way to find out, Shanley decided, was to start from scratch with a scientific study. "Prom a scientific point of view, hardly anything was known about these trees," she says. But six years of field research yielded a mass of data on their flowering and fruiting behaviour. During 1993 and 1994, 30 families weighed everything they used from the forest — game, fruit, fibre, medicinal plants — and documented its source.E After three logging sales and a major fire in 1997, the researchers were also able to study the ecosystem's reaction to logging and disturbance. They carried out a similar, though less exhaustive, study in 1999, this time with 15 families. The changes were striking. Average annual household consumption of forest fruit had fallen from 89 to 28 kilograms between 1993 and 1999. "What we found," says Shanley, "was that fruit collection could coexist with a certain amount of logging, but after the forest fires it dropped dramatically." Over the same period, fibre use also dropped from around 20 to 4 kilograms. The fire and logging also changed the nature of the caboclo diet. In 1993 most households ate game two or three times a month. By 1999 some were fortunate if they ate game more than two or three times a year.F The loss of certain species of tree was especially significant. Shanley's team persuaded local hunters to weigh their catch, noting the trees under which the animals were caught. Over the year, they trapped five species of game averaging 232 kilograms under piquia trees. Under copaiba, they caught just two species averaging 63 kilograms; and under uxi, four species weighing 38 kilograms. At last, the team was getting a handle on which trees were worth keeping, and which could reasonably be sold. "This showed that selling piquia trees to loggers for a few dollars made little sense," explains Shanley. "Their local value lies in providing a prized fruit, as well as flowers which attract more game than any other species."G As a result of these studies, Shanley had to tell the Rural Workers' Union of Paragominas that the Nature thesis could not be applied wholesale to their community — harvesting NTFPs would not always yield more than timber sales. Fruiting patterns of trees such as uxi were unpredictable, for example. In 1994, one household collected 3654 uxi fruit; the following year, none at all.H This is not to say that wild fruit trees were unimportant. On the contrary, argues Shanley, they are critical for subsistence, something that is often ignored in much of the current research on NTFPs, which tends to focus on their commercial potential. Geography was another factor preventing the Rio Gapim caboclos from establishing a serious trade in wild fruit: villagers in remote areas could not compete with communities collecting NTFPs close to urban markets, although they could sell them to passing river boats.I But Shanley and her colleagues decided to do more than just report their results to the union. Together with two of her research colleagues, Shanley wrote the fruit book. This, the Bible and a publication on medicinal plants co-authored by Shanley and designed for people with minimal literacy skills, are about the only books you will see along this stretch of the Rio Gapim. The first print ran to only 3000 copies, but the fruit book has been remarkably influential, and is used by colleges, peasant unions, industries and the caboclos themselves. Its success is largely due to the fact that people with poor literacy skills can understand much of the information it contains about the non-timber forest products, thanks to its illustrations, anecdotes, stories and songs. "The book doesn't tell people what to do," says Shanley, "but it does provide them with choices." Caboclos who have used the book now have a much better understanding of which trees to sell to the loggers, and which to protect.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.