填空题Communicating Styles and ConflictKnowing your communication styie and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict.Section AAs far back as Hippocrates' time(460-370 B.C.)people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen(130-200 A.D.). These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.Section BThe value in self-assessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren't trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do. They're not intending to be rude; they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues of style, information needs, or focus.Section CHippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today's world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:Section DThe sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication and often speak quickly, putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.Section EThe phlegmatic person — cool and persevering — translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.Section FThe melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people — sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone's opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs of others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the changes in order to adapt to them.Section GThe choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication — the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don't do detail work easily and as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them, but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better.Section HA well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success.We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand — whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, "Whether you think you can or you can't, you're right!"You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.Questions 27-34Reading Passage 3 has eight sections A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Summarizing personality typesii Combined styles for workplaceiii Physical explanationiv A lively person who encouragesv Demanding and unsympathetic personalityvi Lazy and careless personalityvii The benefits of understanding communication stylesviii Cautious and caringix Factual and analytical personalityx Self-assessment determines one's temperament

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填空题How much money can the health centre generate each year in gross state product?

填空题About half of Malawi's children aged under 5 are malnourished.

填空题 Questions 4-5 Complete the sign on the door of Grisham College Counselling Office below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. {{U}}Welcome to Student Services-Counselling Office{{/U}} Office Hours:　　　　　　　　　　　8a.m.to {{U}}(4) {{/U}} After Hours Entry:　　　　　　　　 Use the {{U}}(5) {{/U}}　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 and a Counsellor will let you in. Telephone -7893 4611 Listen to the conversation between the same student and the Student Counsellor.

填空题Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions15-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.BuriedCitiesoftheRainforestInalettertohiswifesentonMay29,1925,PercyFawcett,anEnglishadventurer,reportedthathewasabouttodepartonanexpeditionintopreviouslyunexploredareasoftheAmazonjungleincentralBrazil.Hisgoalwastofindahiddencitythathereferredtoas"Z."ItwasFawcett'slastcontactwiththeoutsideworld—hedisappearedwithoutatrace—andwhetherhesuccumbedtodisease,humanviolenceoranimalattackisstillunknown.Now,morethan80yearslater,anthropologistMichaelHeckenbergeroftheUniversityofFloridaandhisteam,incollaborationwithlocalindigenouspeoplecalledtheKuikuro,Brazilianscholarsandagroupofarchaeologists,havediscoveredtheremainsofpre-ColumbiansettlementsintheUpperXinguregionoftheAmazonrainforestinBrazil'sMatoGrossostate,thesameareawhereFawcettdisappeared.Fawcettmaynothavebeenrightabouttheexistenceofacity,buttherecentdiscoveryofthesettlements—28inall,estimatedtohavehadacombinedpopulationofmorethan50,000—ishelpingtooverturnthelong-heldtheorythattheAmazonrainforestinunsuitedtohumanhabitation.OtherdiscoveriesarealsosofteningtheAmazon'shostilereputation.Inrecentyears,researchershavefoundindicationsthatabout1,200yearsago,nativeswereabletotamelargeareasoftheworld'slargestrainforestandtransformitspoorsoilintolushorchardsandfieldsthatcouldfeedtensofthousandsofpeople.Thisisoneoftheprerequisitesforthepotentialdevelopmentofanyhighlydevelopedurbansociety.TheAmazon'srainforestscoverapproximately2.3millionsquaremiles—anareaabouttwicethesizeofIndia—andarehometotheworld'srichestplantandanimalcommunities.Butparadoxically,thesoilsherearehighlyacidicandcontainfewnutrients.About10percentoftherainforest'snutrientscanbefoundinthesoil;therestareboundupinplantsandanimals.Onlyplantsthatareperfectlyadaptedtodrawtheirnutrientsfromtheclosedcycleoflifeanddeathherecansurviveinthereddishoryellowishearththatdominatesthisarea.Theytakeupnutrientsandmineralsfromdeadplantsandanimalsbeforetheraincanwashthemaway.ButsomepartsoftheforestcontainplotsofAmazoniandarkearth,alsoknownatterrapreta,whichcontainselevatedlevelsofnutrientsandorganicmatterperfectforagricultureinareasotherwiseunsuitableforgrowingcrops.Thesoil—aresultofrefusepilesusuallyincludingcharcoal,fishbones,potteryfragments,animalbones,achesandexcrement-mostlikelycorrelateswithimportantsocietalandculturalchangesintheAmazonthatallowedforthedevelopmentoflargertownsandvillages.Thisfertilesoilisasdeepassixandahalffeetinfieldssometimesaslargeas50acres.Researchersestimatethatasmuchas1percentoftheAmazonrainforestiscoveredwithit.Thefertilepocketsareconcentratednearriver-banks,andsomeoftheseareasarestillinuseforgrowingcrops,whichdevelopatleasttwiceasfasthereastheydoinothersoils.Oneofthemanymiraclesofterrapretaisthatitdoesnotbecomedepletedbutretainsitsfertilityforyears.Mostoftheplotsarebetween500and2,500years01d,andsomeresearcherssuspectthatinhabitantsoftheareacreatedandspreadtherichsoilintentionally.Byexploitingterrapreto'sextremefertility,nativeswereabletoputtheirpreviousexistenceasnomadsbehindthem.Insteadtheysettledinvillages,surroundingthemselveswithgreenfieldsandgrovesofbountifulfruittrees.AncientCities,DestroyedandForgottenEduardoNeves,anarchaeologistattheUniversityofSacPauloinBrazil,hasbeenstudyingthesevanishedculturesfor17years,andfromhisdiscoveriesintheAmazonforests,heisconvincedthatAmazonforests,heisconvincedthatthejunglewasrelativelydenselypopulatedbetween500and1,000yearsago.Hesuggeststhatatleastfiveorsixmillionpeoplemayhavelivedintherainforestduringthatperiod.Settlementscomprisedmorethan1,000people,Nevesbelieves,yettheinhabitantsleftnomarkonthearchaeologicalrecordintheformoftownsandbuildings.Inaregionwherestonewasnotavailable,theycouldbuildtemplesfromwood,andasaresult,thebuildingswouldhavelongsincerottedinthehumidtropicalclimate.Butinmorethan100locationsintheregionwheretheRioNegroflowsintotheAmazon,Neveshasfoundsmallerrelicsoflong-lostcultures.Amongthefindsareceramicobjects,includingdecoratedandglazedfigures,dishes,potsandlargevesselsabletoholdmorethan50gallonsofliquid.AccordingtoNeves,peoplewholiveasnomadsintherainforestwouldhaveneithermadenorattemptedtotravelwithsuchlargecontainers.Sothevesselswereprobablyusedforwaterstorageinthetownswherethepeoplepermanentlysettled.Thebigquestion,then,inwhysuchalargecivilizationdisappeared.ResearchersspeculatethatwhentheSpanishconqueredCentralandthenSouthAmericainthe1500s,thenativeshadnoinnateresistancetodiseasessuchasmeaslesandsmallpoximportedbytheconquistadors.AccordingtoNeves'calculations,populationsaroundwheretheRioNegromeetstheAmazonhadmostlydiedoffbythe1800s.SignsofCivilizationTheSpanish,ledbyFranciscodeOrellana,firstexploredtheRioXinguin1541and1542.OrellanareportedseeinglargesettlementsontheAmazon'sriverbanks.WhenthefirstscientificexpeditionsenteredtheAmazonrainforestin1800s,theyfoundnoevidenceofthevillagesthatOrellanahadreported.RecentresearchnowindicatesthatperhapsOrellanawasnotbeinguntruthful.Whichmosthistorianshadthoughtwasthecase.WiththehelpofhiscolleaguesandtheKuikurotribe,MichaelHeckenbergerhascombedthejunglearoundtheupperreachesoftheRioXingusince1993.Aidedbysatelliteimagery,by2008hehadfoundevidenceof28settlements.Theylieinanareaofabout7,700squaremilesandwereoncelinkedbyroadsandinsomeplacesbymodifiedcanals.Thetownswerealloutinthesamepattern;acircularplazawithroadsorientedincardinaldirections.Theorganizationandplanningofthetownsshowadegreeofsophisticationthatwasequalto,orevensurpassed,thesmallcitiesofmedievalEurope.It'suncertainhowmanypeoplelivedintherainforestsettlementsalongtheXingu,butHeckenbergerestimatesthatlargertownsandclustersofsettlementshadbetween1,000and5,000inhabitants,foratotalpopulationofmorethan50,000.Inmanyplaces,HeckenbergerhasfoundlargeareasofdarksoillikethosestudiedbyNeves800milesaway.Todayonly300orsoKuikuroliveintheregionwhereHeckenbergerworks,andtheymaybedescendedfromtheunknownpeopleswhobuiltthosetowns.Fawcettsetoffonhislastvoyageinpursuitofalostcity,andNevesandHeckenberger'sworkmayconfirmtheancientexplorer'ssuspicions.Itseemslikelyhigherlevelofdevelopmentthanhadbeenindicatedbythefewtownsdiscoveredduringthe20thcentury.Asresearchproceeds,ourassumptionsaboutthefearsomeAmazonwillprobablycontinuetobedisproved.Questions15-20DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes15-20onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

填空题Decide which of the following places independent learners can learn at. Write both the correct letters in either order. A libraries B the International Student Affairs Office C museums D shops E cafes

填空题Cotswold School is a ______ school.

填空题Studies have shown that chimpanzees learn through________of each other.

填空题Listen to the statement and complete the flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

填空题geopolitical event

填空题Which is the most recent species?

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填空题Wars could be fought over reduced ______ .

填空题Questions 11-15 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. The Edge Climbing Centre The Climbing Centre was rebuilt in (11) Facilities: · (12) 13 meters articulated wall; minus 45° rotation · Bouldering area: a mixture of flat panels and featured walls. · A small (13) easy standard. Relaxing place: offer a (14) Changing areas: on the upper floor Locker keys: get from 15 (15)

填空题Listen to the conversation and complete the notes below. Use up to two words.

填空题Arts Studio 　　Football Pitch 　　Tennis Courts 　　Dance Studio 　　Fitness Room 　　Reception 　　Squash Courts

填空题A New Planet Is Discovered [ Humans have long been fascinated by the possibility of extra-terrestrial fife. Novels, films and folk-tales have encouraged curiosity and speculation about what might be "out there" in space. More recently, scientists have joined in on the collective wonderment after the first discovery by astronomers of a new planet—Gliese 581g—that could almost certainly support such organisms. In fact, Steven Vogt—one of the two astronomers credited with discovering the planet—has declared that " the chances of life on this planet are 100 percent" and that he has "almost no doubt about it". ] A. Although we currently know very little about Gliese 581g, a couple of its features strongly indicate that this planet might harbour the existence of organisms. Firstly, Gliese 581g is located at almost exactly the right distance from its red dwarf parent star (Gliese 581) in order to sustain liquid water, which is the only known criterion for organic formation. Planets that orbit too close to or too far away from their stars do not have a suitable climate; this can only be found in a slender strip of solar space around each star known to astronomers as a "habitable zone". Around our star—the Sun—Earth is the only planet that occupies this zone, although it nearly stretches to Venus and Mars. Gliese 581g is also the right size for organic life. It is about 3.1 to 4.3 times the size of Earth, and this relatively low mass means it should be made mostly of rock. Planets that grow beyond 10 times the size of Earth tend to become gaseous and uninhabitable, without the solid or liquid infrastructure necessary for organisms. B. Gliese 581g is part of a string of planets in the Gliese 581 solar system. Two of Gliese 581g"s siblings—Gliese 581e and Gliese 581b—orbit too close to their parent star to support any kind of life on them. Gliese 581c skims the near side of the habitable zone, but scientists suggest that it does not have enough of a toehold in this zone to provide a stable infrastructure for organic formations—roughly the same goes for Gliese 581d, which has a stronger presence in the habitable zone on its far side, but may not be hot enough for liquid water—opinion is not "completely settled" on this matter, says James Kasting of Pennsylvania State University. Kasting, who has studied the two Gliese 581 planets on the outer edges of the habitable zone, suggests that Gliese581g is "smack dab in the middle" of the zone which, along with its size and composition, makes it the most exciting and realistic prospect for extra-terrestrial life yet. C. The comparisons between the Earth and Gliese 581g should not be overstated, however. Even if Gliese 581g can sustain organisms, it would be a very different place to live. The main difference is that Gliese 581g orbits much closer to its star than the Earth does to the Sun. Because Gliese 581 is only one percent as bright as the Sun, it exudes little warmth, and its habitable zone lies much closer than the Sun"s. At this closer distance, planets in the zone get locked into strong gravitational pulls that tend to slow their circular movements over time. Eventually, they become stuck with one side constantly facing the star—just as the Moon always shows the Earth the same face. Because of this, it is likely that Gliese 581g experiences permanent daytime on the side facing the star and permanent shadow on the other side. It is estimated therefore that average temperatures on the star side would be about 71 degrees C and average temperatures on the other much chillier: -34℃. Nevertheless, Steven Vogt suggests that Gliese 581g probably has a comfortable area along the midpoint, known as the terminator. Any life here would always see the star sitting on the horizon and consequently experience eternal sunrise or sunset. D. Even if there is no life on Gliese 581g, its discovery reveals that habitable planets are quite common, with around 10 to 20 percent of red dwarves and sun-like stars boasting them. Gliese 581 is one of just nine stars at that particular distance which astronomers have searched with high enough precision to uncover a planet in the habitable zone. While the odds may prove to be slightly lower than 10 percent, the evidence of life—or at least, the high possibility of life—is still overwhelming. There are at least a few hundred billion stars in our galaxy, which means that around 20 to 40 billion planets have the potential for the development of organisms. E. And so, the search for life continues. Unfortunately, Gliese 581g is not particularly amenable to observation. The next step in finding out the chances of life on the planet would be to measure its light spectrum, a process that would reveal molecular oxygen if indeed it exists. The glare from the parent star makes this impossible to do with current instruments, however. Another way to gather information would be to transport a vessel to and from the planet. The technology currently exists to do this, but at 20 light years from earth, it would take 200 years for astronomers to receive the result. Luckily, new information may just be a few years away. Astronomers suggest that many rocky planets are likely to be found in habitable zones during the coming years, and some of these will provide a better platform for research with current instruments.

填空题How many aboriginal people live in Kakadu National Park nowadays?

填空题In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.