填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. NATURE ON DISPLAY IN AMERICAN ZOOS by Elizabeth Hanson The first zoo in the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1874, followed by the Cincinnati Zoo the next year. By 1940 there were zoos in more than one hundred American cities.The Philadelphia Zoo was more thoroughly planned and better financed than most of the hundreds of zoos that would open later but in its landscape and its mission - to both educate and entertain - it embodied ideas about how to build a zoo that stayed consistent for decades. The zoos came into existence in the late nineteenth century during the transition of the United States from a rural and agricultural nation to an industrial one. The population more than doubled between 1860 and 1900. As more middle-class people lived in cities, they began seeking new relationships with the natural world as a place for recreation, self-improvement, and spiritual renewal. Cities established systems of public parks, and nature tourism - already popular- became even more fashionable with the establishment of national parks. Nature was thought to be good for people of all ages and classes. Nature study was incorporated into school curricula, and natural history collecting became an increasingly popular pastime. At the same time, the fields of study which were previously thought of as 'natural history' grew into separate areas such as taxonomy, experimental embryology and genetics, each with its own experts and structures. As laboratory research gained prestige in the zoology departments of American universities, the gap between professional and amateur scientific activities widened. Previously, natural history had been open to amateurs and was easily popularized, but research required access to microscopes and other equipment in laboratories, as well as advanced education. The new zoos set themselves apart from traveling animal shows by stating their mission as education and the advancement of science, in addition to recreation. Zoos presented zoology for the non- specialist, at a time when the intellectual distance between amateur naturalists and laboratory- oriented zoologists was increasing. They attracted wide audiences and quickly became a feature of every growing and forward-thinking city. They were emblems of civic pride on a level of importance with art museums, natural history museums and botanical gardens. Most American zoos were founded and operated as part of the public parks administration. They were dependent on municipal funds, and they charged no admission fee. They tended to assemble as many different mammal and bird species as possible, along with a few reptiles, exhibiting one or two specimens of each, and they competed with each other to become the first to display a rarity, like a rhinoceros. In the constant effort to attract the public to make return visits, certain types of display came in and out of fashion; for example, dozens of zoos built special islands for their large populations of monkeys. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration funded millions of dollars of construction at dozens of zoos. For the most part, the collections of animals were organised by species in a combination of enclosures according to a fairly loose classification scheme. Although many histories of individual zoos describe the 1940s through the 1960s as a period of stagnation, and in some cases there was neglect, new zoos continued to be set up all over the country. In the 1940s and 1950s, the first zoos designed specifically for children were built, some with the appeal of farm animals. An increasing number of zoos tried new ways of organizing their displays. In addition to the traditional approach of exhibiting like kinds together, zoo planners had a new approach of putting animals in groups according to their continent of origin and designing exhibits showing animals of particular habitats, for example, polar, desert, or forest. During the 1960s, a few zoos arranged some displays according to animal behavior; the Bronx Zoo, for instance, opened its World of Darkness exhibit of nocturnal animals. Paradoxically, at the same time as zoo displays began incorporating ideas about the ecological relationships between animals, big cats and primates continued to be displayed in bathroom-like cages lined with tiles. By the 1970s, a new wave of reform was stirring. Popular movements for environmentalism and animal welfare called attention to endangered species and to zoos that did not provide adequate care for their animals. More projects were undertaken by research scientists and zoos began hiring full-time vets as they stepped up captive breeding programs. Many zoos that had been supported entirely by municipal budgets began recruiting private financial support and charging admission fees. In the prosperous 1980s and 1990s, zoos built realistic' landscape immersion' exhibits, many of them around the theme of the tropical rainforest and, increasingly, conservation moved to the forefront of zoo agendas. Although zoos were popular and proliferating institutions in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, historians have paid little attention to them. Perhaps zoos have been ignored because they were, and remain still, multi-purpose institutions, and as such they fall between the categories of analysis that historians often use. In addition, their stated goals of recreation, education, the advancement of science, and protection of endangered species have often conflicted. Zoos occupy a difficult middle ground between science and showmanship, high culture and low, remote forests and the cement cityscape, and wild animals and urban people. Questions 1-7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

填空题Questions 17-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Website Content Activity Age group www.mathtutor.com mathematics practise 　(17)　 all levdls www.spellcity.com spelling 　(18)　 primary school www.beeb.co/typing typing 　(19)　 all levels www.coolresource.com 　(20)　 extra practice middle school

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填空题Chain stores only sell low-quality goods.

填空题Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? {{B}}Write TRUE{{/B}} if the information in the text agrees with the statement. {{B}}Write FALSE{{/B}} if the information in the text contradicts the statement. {{B}}Write NOT GIVEN{{/B}} if there is no information on this.

填空题In order to survive, a language needs to be spoken by more than 100 people.

填空题The Birds of the Galápagos 2009 was the bicentennial of the birth of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), most famous for his book On the Origin of Species: by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859). Many of his ideas came from his voyage on HMS Beagle (1831-1836), and in particular his month-long stay in 1835 on the intriguing Archipiélago de Colón, better known as the Galápagos Islands, 972 km (604 miles) west of Ecuador. The strange variety of creatures on these islands fascinated Darwin, including the giant tortoises from which they derive their name (Spanish galápago, 'saddle'—after the shells of saddlebacked Galápagos tortoises). But the creatures that allegedly provided inspiration for Darwin's evolutionary ideas, and alleged disproof of creation, were the varieties of birds. The birds on the Galápagos Islands show an amazing adaptation to their environment, and provide excellent examples of the ability of animals to adapt to changing conditions. For example, the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies show the variety of behaviours and appearances that can develop within the same kind. Boobies The name 'booby' is likely a corruption of the Spanish bobo (clown or dunce), since it has an unusual dance and also their naive landing on boats meant they could be captured easily. Boobies have forward-pointing eyes that give them stereoscopic vision (depth perception), and catch fish by spectacular plunge-diving from high in the air, hitting the water at 100 km/h (60 mph). It is easy to tell males and females apart by their sounds: males make a hoarse whistle while females croak. They incubate their eggs by warming them with their feet, which have an increased blood supply, and the chicks keep warm by standing on their parents' feet for the first month. There are three varieties on the Galápagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas—the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore, while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore. They also have different nesting environments. The blue- footed booby nests on the rocks close to shore, the masked booby nests on high cliffs, and the red-footed booby nests in trees. Because of their different nesting and fishing sites, there is very little competition between the three species. The bright foot colours are caused by both pigment (yellow carotenoids, like those that cause the orange of carrots) and structure (collagen fibres just beneath the skin). The different appearances are nothing more than varieties originally within a kind. They likely act as mate recognition signals, to attract mates of similar behaviours. Also, male foot brightness changes quickly with the state of his health, a helpful indicator to females seeking a mate. An evolutionary propagandist book from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences is typical: 'Darwin could not see how these observations could be explained by the prevailing view of his time: that each species had been independently created, with the species that were best suited to each location on the earth being created at each particular site.' However, this was not the biblical view; rather, it is a view akin to the progressive creationist view of the likes of Hugh Ross. This was the result of a prior capitulation to millions of years, which was due to a priori rejection of the biblical Flood. According to the biblical model, the Flood destroyed the whole earth, which was repopulated from animals dispersing from the Ark in the mountains of Ararat. So biblical creationists would expect animals on the Galápagos Islands to have arrived from mainland South America, and expect island creatures to be varieties of the mainland creatures. Biblical creationists would also predict rapid formation of new varieties and even species. This is derived from the fact that many modem varieties of land vertebrates must have come from comparatively few animals that disembarked from the Ark only 4,500 years ago. In contrast, Darwin thought that such a process would take a very long time. But an 18-year study by zoologist Peter Grant indicated that variation was rapid enough for a new species to arise in only 200 years, which is inadvertent support for the biblical creation model. And sometimes variation seems to be cyclic—while a drought resulted in a slight increase in beak size, the change was reversed when the rains returned. So it fits with built-in adaptability to various climatic conditions rather than Darwinian evolution. Thus compromise with millions of years was not only an appeasement that allowed Darwin to make further inroads into biblical authority, it also hindered the development of coherent models. —Creation

填空题Questions 11-14 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

填空题Gerber Foods soft Drinks has the ______ for Sunny Delight.

填空题The noise levels at the site can reach A 45 decibels. B 55 decibels. C 67 decibels. D 70 decibels.

填空题Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ______.

填空题cognitive traits

填空题three days B

填空题Questions 1-7 Reading passage 1 has twelve paragraphs, A-L. Which paragraph contains the following information ? Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

填空题Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.

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填空题 The following text has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Add shine ii Return to original condition iii Avoid excessive wetness iv Prevent damage v Heat the straightening irons vi Move the irons through the hair vii Take only a second viii Remove moisture

填空题 {{I}} TRUE if the information in the text agrees with the statement FALSE if the information in the text contradicts the statement NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this{{/I}}

填空题Professional women can achieve a balance between life and work.

填空题Rebecca decided to become an illustrator because it A afforded her greater objectivity as an artist. B offered her greater freedom of expression. C allowed her to get her work published.