填空题The goods are usually delivered __________ .

填空题The UK is not meeting its target for use of energy from renewable sources.

填空题Use interviews to gather information.

填空题Humans with Altitude A Life high up in the mountains is harsh, but it's surprising how many people make their homes there. Worldwide, around 140 million people live above 2,500 metres, and that's set to rise as resident populations grow and more people move into mountainous areas. It's a testament to human adaptability that we can survive in this alien environment. Despite evolving in the African lowlands we have the resourcefulness to cope with most of the challenges imposed by a life at altitude. Human ingenuity allows us to overcome extremes in temperature, a natural scarcity of resources such as wood and food, and exposure to damaging solar radiation. But at high altitude one challenge dwarfs all others: lack of oxygen. Many Tibetans, for example, breathe air that contains little more than half the oxygen of that at sea level. B How can humans survive when deprived of this essential life-giving gas? How we adapt depends on our ancestry. Native lowlanders who've moved to the mountains show a range of anatomical and metabolic changes that help them get by. People whose families have lived at altitude for generations, however, have evolved to cope with the low oxygen levels. Their genes give them a head start for mountain life. And, intriguingly, women seem to be better adapted to the high life than men. C Overall, genetics seems to account for about 25 per cent of the variability in physical fitness between people at altitude. Developmental influences contribute a similar amount and lifestyle makes up the rest. One of the most obvious physical adaptations is a larger, deeper chest with greater lung capacity. Whatever your ancestry, this will develop simply as a result of growing up at altitude. Other adaptations are a higher breathing rate and more efficient lungs, which together increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. Once again, there seems to be a gradient, with people whose ancestors have lived at altitude for longest having the highest oxygen levels. D On average, there's an 11 per cent reduction in VO2 max, a measure of maximum exercise capacity, for every 1,000-metre increase in height. What's also clear-as any mountaineer who has climbed with a Sherpa knows-is that acclimatized newcomers suffer most and native highlanders least. Indeed, populations that have been mountain dwellers for the longest, such as native Tibetans and Bolivians, have VO2 max measurements similar to those found in people living at sea level-and are apparently immune to mountain sickness. E Acute mountain sickness (AMS) affects over half of all lowlanders who spend more than a few hours above 3,500 metres. It makes little difference whether you're an ultra-fit climber with dozens of Himalayan summits under your belt or a couch potato who has never climbed higher than the top shelf of the larder. What's more, on one visit to altitude you may be fine, but on the next you could be struck down with the headaches, nausea, disorientation, and lethargy that are the hallmarks of AMS. Why is it so unpredictable? F The jury is still out, but theories abound. "The received wisdom is that fitness is irrelevant to developing acute mountain sickness," says Jo Bradwell from Birmingham University. But he doesn't buy that. And this summer he and his team took an exercise bike up a mountain in the Bolivian Andes to test their paradoxical theory that fitter people are more susceptible. G The root cause of AMS is a lack of oxygen in the blood—hypoxia—which somehow triggers fluid to leak from blood vessels into the brain. The body normally tries to compensate for hypoxia by stepping up the heart rate and breathing rate. But at altitude this can be counterproductive, because the faster blood flows through the lungs, the less time it has to become fully oxygenated. Bradwell suspects that the fitter you are, the more likely it is this will happen when you exercise at altitude. That's because those who are fit tend to have bigger muscles, which require more oxygen. That leads to more severe hypoxia and a stronger attempt by the body to compensate. H And that's where the exercise bike comes in. Bradwell and his team had 20 climbers furiously pedalling away at 3,600, 4,700 and 5,250 metres on a mountain called Huayna Potosi near La Paz. The researchers measured the oxygen in their brains at varying levels of exertion. They are still analysing the results, but Bradwell is upbeat. "I suspect that the fitter individuals will be the ones with lower brain-blood oxygen counts." he says. I "Exertion does make everything worse," agrees Charles Houston from the University of Vermont in Burlington. But after two decades studying AMS, he believes that the best place to look for differences in susceptibility is our genes. "Of the several dozen influences that affect us at altitude, I think many of them will turn out to have a genetic basis," he says. J Some recent research supports Houston's prediction. In July this year, Masayuki Hanaoka from the Shinshu University School of Medicine in Matsumoto, Japan, announced a possible genetic link to high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE)-a potentially fatal side effect of hypoxia in which fluid builds up in the lung. He found that two variations in a gene called eNOS occur more often in people who suffered HAPE. They are bad news for anyone wanting to climb to altitude, according to Nicholas Morrell from Cambridge University, who has identified a similar genetic variation in the people of mountainous Kyrgyzstan. "Put simply, you're more likely to get to the summit of Everest if you don't have these variations." But Houston believes that psychology may be almost as important as physiology. "A lot of tolerance to altitude is due to motivation," he says. "If you expect to get sick at altitude then you probably will." Questions 27-31 Reading Passage 3 has ten paragraphs, A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the appropriate letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

填空题Michal points out that non-native speaker students can use ______ and body language to indicate when they are ready to add to a discussion.

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填空题Listen to the report and complete the table below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

填空题Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. ETHICS 101 Topic: Cheating Definition is difficult. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the rules—but: - What are they? - Who made them up? - Are they reasonable? Many students cheat; some don't admit it's wrong; others think it's only a {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}& therefore ok. Digital age = sharing of information So much on Internet without due credit—idea of plagiarism perhaps not understood In a high-stakes system: Cheating isn't so much wrong—it's more of a {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Wrong focus - teachers don't have a real {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} with students - {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}may be meaningless or too much work - scores too important - {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}means competing which promotes cheating Focus should be on {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}instead of memorisation Cheating could be caused by having a mix of teachers, classrooms, cultural background as well as individual students. Plagiarism sometimes happens because of lack of {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}and reference skills—digital age has made this easier but teachers can also use {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} to readily identify it. Studying ' Ethics' essential for an understanding of academic integrity and honesty may involve pedagogical and philosophical change but also students must discuss {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题The survey also aims to find out adults' __________ towards obesity.

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填空题Rob Spencer works for Asda.

填空题Listen to the conversation and fill out the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each blank.

填空题a. boundaryb. concerningc. terraind. violencee. illustrate

填空题Who can enter the competitions.

填空题Arctic kayaks

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填空题 Questions 17-20 Match the names of the buildings with the letters on the map below.

填空题Choose the correct letter, A, B orC.

填空题When were the following features included in an auto show? Write the correct letter, A, B, or C next to questions 17-20.A last year B this year C both

填空题Birds standing on __________ of group have light sleep, but birds which stand in center of group have deep sleep.