单选题 How important is job satisfaction? At its most basic, a job is just a collection of tasks and duties. An employee's enjoyment of his or her job will thus (21) depend upon whether or not he or she is happy with the particular mix of tasks and duties (22) to that position. Naturally, each and every member of staff is different - some employees want to do easy, (23) tasks without any responsibilities at all, whilst others prefer challenging, varied ones and are pleased to accept any additional responsibilities offered to them. Of course, with a job there are more (24) in play than this: work conditions, pay, working relations and future prospects are (25) too. Nevertheless, tasks and duties are the central feature, and should therefore be considered as a separate (26) in themselves. So, how important is an employee's enjoyment of his or her individual (27) of tasks and duties? Most business owners and managers would (28) that it is very significant indeed. If a member of staff considers his or her tasks and duties to be too easy or unchallenging or, in contrast, too diverse or irksome, then he or she will feel dissatisfied, and all the inevitable knock-on effects will (29) themselves - absences, lateness, reduced work-rate and performance, conflict, low morale, or even resignations. Thus it is important that staff are well suited to their employment, that jobs are improved as far as possible and redesigned as and when necessary - all to (30) that your employees enjoy what they do.

单选题A The learning organization is one where the organization is developing the core competencies that will give it competitive advantage in the marketplace. These core competencies are of two kinds: technical competencies which provide the key to the organization''s market position; and management competencies which are vital to its performance as an integrated organization. B The key aspects of individual management development, such as recruitment, training, career development, job rotation, special assignments, meaningful work, relevant reward systems, need to be embedded in organizational systems, structures, values and policies and consistently applied in practice. In a learning organization, management development is not an on again, off again activity. C An organization full of change effective managers only, or of operational managers only, is likely to be headed towards bankruptcy. A balance is needed between operational and reshaping competencies. Part of that balance needs to be found within individuals, part of it in the respective strengths of individuals, and parts within the embedded processes and resources of the organization. This has important implications for the placing of managers in jobs and also for moving them when their key skills are no longer so relevant and the managerial needs of their positions change. It also has implications for the composition of top teams. Unless the top team includes some powerful members who are committed to long-term performance, the organization is unlikely in the longer term to build those reshaping competencies that will ensure its own renewal that is, to become a learning organization. D Forward-looking organizations are increasingly identifying potential change leaders early in their careers, giving them responsibilities for smaller change projects and the opportunity to work closely with effective change practitioners so that they can develop the range of reshaping competencies that the firms increasingly need. Some firms are also taking some of their most effective managers off-line and giving them project responsibilities that encourage them to augment their existing high levels of operational competencies with reshaping competencies. Ensuring that many managers at critical stages of their careers have the experience of managing transitions is vital to developing a managerial mindset that balances the relative importance of maintaining effective ongoing operations with transforming them. It is this mindset that supports the need for current performance with the openness to change that underlies a learning organization. E In some cases, reshaping competencies may detract from immediate business results. Reshaping competencies requires considerable investment of resources, effort and time sometimes for little or no immediate benefit. Their expected benefits are often difficult to quantify or measure and the results only show up over time. Furthermore, continual investment is needed to maintain them. The benefits of creating learning organizations do not come free. They also do not come unmanaged. To be effective in meeting the organization''s purposes, organizational learning needs to be a managed process and organizational learning a key responsibility of top management. The creation and use of reshaping competencies, both personal and corporate, is the key characteristic of the learning organization. 0. Operational and reshaping competencies are both needed within one manager. (C)

单选题According to the four leadership competencies, which of the following is not the skill of a leader?

单选题· For questions 23 -30, mark one letter A, B or C for the correct answer.

单选题· Read the text below about leadership.· Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.· For each question (21-30), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. {{B}} Leadership{{/B}} Leadership is the heart of the managerial process, because it involves initiating action. Other terms identifying the same idea are directing, executing, supervising, ordering, and guiding. Whatever term is used, the idea is to {{U}}(21) {{/U}} into effect the decisions, plans, and programs that have previously been worked {{U}}(22) {{/U}} for achieving the goals of the group. Leadership concerns the overall {{U}}(23) {{/U}} in which a manager influences the actions of subordinates. First, it includes the {{U}}(24) {{/U}} of orders that are clear, comprehensive, and within the capabilities of subordinates to accomplish. Second, it implies a continual training activity in which subordinates are given instructions to enable them to {{U}}(25) {{/U}} the particular assignment in the existing situation. Third, it necessarily involves the motivation of workers to try to {{U}}(26) {{/U}} the expectations of the manager. Fourth, it consists of maintaining discipline and rewarding those who {{U}}(27) {{/U}} properly. In short, leading is the final action of a manager in getting others to act after all preparations have been made.The manager's style of direction depends upon his or her own personal traits and the situation in {{U}}(28) {{/U}} In leadership, more than any other function, the manager must determine an approach alone, after surveying the {{U}}(29) {{/U}} that are available. In any event, each manager will {{U}}(30) {{/U}} well to act as an individual, and not to try to act as others act or to proceed according to the textbook.

单选题Packaging and labeling are both very important to a product, as most physical products have to be packaged and labeled. Both are thought to be an element of product strategy and many marketers even have called pachaing a fifth P. The main concern in designing packages for products, especially for new (21) is true (22) industrial goods and appliances whose sales are made from display models. From the (23) of marketing, packaging is of vital importance in sales promotion. Sales are (24) by packages that are visible, informative, emotionally appealing, and workable. Good packaging helps sell because (25) with high visibility are easier to find when they are displayed on store shelves. Design with good and useful information may help (26) customers and make them more (27) to decide to buy the goods. The (28) factor in packaging refers to the image that consumers form after viewing a product. (29) in packaging means that the container not only protects the product but is also easy to open and re-close, is readily stored, and has utility for secondary uses once the product is used up. For example, in China, some goods are packaged in a special container-a real cup, which can be used as a cup after the goods within are used up. The label may be a simple tag attached to the product or an elaborate designed (30) that is part of the package. The label normally carries information about the brand name, manufacturer's name and address, price, specifications, and so on.

单选题Even if the company cannot guarantee continuing employment, it can improve employees" sense of job security by ______

单选题A All too often, many firms proceed into an alliance relationship without sufficiently planning and/or negotiating the key parameters of the relationship. Defining the legal framework of the alliance is only the beginning of the kind of comprehensive planning that is needed to ensure a workable relationship. Successful alliance planning goes beyond the partners'' initial agreement on the choice of alliance vehicle (e.g. cross-licensing, technology development pact, joint venture, equity sharing). B Successful alliance planning not only includes the usual details of plant location, cost sharing, market share gains and other economic criteria, but also the approaches that facilitate creating new knowledge and other technological synergies. Senior management needs to communicate the alliance''s shared goals with all key middle managers and technical staff to discuss ways to develop a win-win relationship. Senior management also needs to convey the message that close cooperation could unintentionally expose and leak the firm''s core competencies in ways that could ultimately damage the firm''s long-term competitiveness. These same managers and technical staff need to know at the planning stage which technologies, competencies or proprietary processes should be protected from excessive demands from the partner. C Managers often herald the consummation of an alliance agreement as the final outcome of intensive negotiations between the partners. For many types of strategic alliances (e.g. technology development pacts, joint ventures, consortia), however, the legal negotiations represent only the beginning of a long series of ongoing, continuous negotiations that actually take place once alliance operations commence. The finer details of the alliance''s framework entail continuous negotiations with the partner. Even after both parties agree to the broad (and immediate) goals and objectives of the relationship, smooth accommodation of managers and practices from different partners is directly related to how well managers can negotiate the uncertainties and the complexities of day-to-day activities that cannot be pre-specified in a legal document. D Smooth implementation to facilitate learning requires all levels of management to work on developing "alliance protocols" that enable careful knowledge creation and sharing among the partners. In their simplest form, alliance protocols represent the communication channels by which the alliance''s managers and technical staffs share technologies, skills and managerial acumen. Jointly developing and agreeing to these protocols early on is important to maintaining a balanced relationship, whereby neither partner feels that their contributions or opportunities to learn from the other are neglected or undervalued. Protocols are instrumental in setting up the mental "parameters" that limit what partners can ask from one another in terms of what constitute proprietary vs. non-proprietary technologies or processes. Protocols provide an "invisible fence" that defines the boundaries between cooperation and competition. E Strategic alliances can help firms transform their core businesses and activities by helping management secure access to new technologies, insights and skills that other firms may possess. Alliances enable firms to jointly develop new products and processes, the costs of which are often beyond the financial and human resources of any firm. Strategic alliances can also help firms divest themselves of non-core business units or activities that are costly to retain. In non-core businesses, alliances can help reduce the cost of industry exit and corporate restructuring. 0. It is rewarding for firms to form the alliance relationship with others. (E)

单选题Task One—Training courses ·For questions 13-17, match the extracts with the training courses attended, listed A-H. ·For each extract, choose the training course attended. ·Write one letter (A-H) next to the number of the extract. A telephoning skills B presentation skills C time-management skills D team-leadership skills E assertiveness skills F negotiation skills G meeting skills H writing skills

单选题If a firm maintains a stock control database, which of the following is most likely to occur when suppliers cannot deliver goods on time?

单选题What HR is About Human resource is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the (21) ... of an organization, (22) ... it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resource is also the name of the function within an organization (23) ... with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies (24) ... to the management of individuals. Despite its more everyday use, terms such as "human resource" and, similarly, "human capital" continue to be perceived (25) ... and may be considered insulting. They create the impression that people are merely commodities, like office machines or vehicles, despite assurances to the contrary. Modern analysis emphasizes that human beings are not "commodities" or "resources", but are creative and social beings in a productive enterprise. The 2000 revision of ISO 9001, in con trast, requires (26) ... the processes, their sequence and interaction, and to define and communicate responsibilities and authorities. In general, heavily unionized nations such as France and Germany have adopted and encouraged such approaches. (27) in 2001, the International Labor Organization decided to revisit and revise its 1975 Recommendation 150 on Human Re sources Development. One view of these trends is that a strong social (28) ... on political economy and a good social (29) ... system facilitates labor mobility and tends to make the entire economy more productive, as labor can develop skills and experience in various ways, and move from one enterprise to another with little (30) or difficulty in adapting. Another view is that governments should become more aware of their national role in facilitating human resources development across all sectors.

单选题In foreign trade, it is ideal that the seller delivers the goods conforming to the contract in respect of quality, specification, quantity and packing, and hands over the documents concerning the goods at the right time and place stipulated in the contract. And the buyer makes payment for the goods and takes delivery of them in the same manner specified in the contract. However, there always exists a gap between ideal and reality. Complaints or claims may sometimes arise in spite of our well-planned and careful work in the performance of a sales contract. In practice, it is not infrequent that the exporter or the importer neglects or fails to perform any of his obligations, thus giving rise to breach of contract and various trade disputes, which, subsequently, leads to claim, arbitration, or even litigation. Breach of contract means the refusal or failure by a party to a contract to fulfill an obligation imposed on him under that contract, resulting from, e. g., repudiation of liability before completion, or conduct preventing proper performance. The contract is discharged where the breach results in the innocent party treating it as rescinded and where it has the effect of depriving the party who has further undertakings still to perform of substantially the whole benefit which was the intention of the parties as expressed in the contract as the consideration for per forming those undertaking. There are two kinds of complaints or claims made by buyers: (1) The genuine complaint or claim, which arises from such situation as the following: a. The wrong goods may have been delivered. b. The quality may not be satisfactory. c. The shipment may have been found damaged, short or late. (2) The false complaint or claim, which is made by buyers who find fault with the goods as an excuse to escape from the contract, because they no longer want the goods or because they have found that they can buy them cheaper elsewhere. Suppose you are the buyer and are suffering from someone's mistake. If a complaint or claim has to be made, the matter should be investigated in detail and these details should be laid before the party charged. Sometimes, a reference to the previously satisfactory deliveries and services may help to win more sympathetic consideration of the present complaint or claim. We must handle complaint or claims in accordance with the principle of "on the first ground to our advantage and with restraint" and settle them amicably to the satisfaction of all parties concerned. It is necessary to study the case in question and as certain what the real cause is and who is the party to be held responsible. We must also be careful in choosing the wording in our correspondence so as to avoid any misunderstandings.

单选题TheFordMotorCompanyisembarkingonanextraordinaryattemptto

单选题In the fourth paragraph, why do many companies prefer to diversify rather than stay in a concentrated market?

单选题A. Each firm has a social responsibility, which is the firm's recognition of how its business decision can affect society. The term social responsibility is sometimes used to describe the firm's responsibility to its community and to the environment. However, it may also be used more broadly to include the firm's responsibility to its customers, employees, stockholders, and creditor. Although the business decisions a firm makes are intended to increase its value, the decisions must not violate its ethics and social responsibilities. B. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It has both normative and descriptive dimensions. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. Governments use laws and regulations to point business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions. C. The term 'business ethics' came into common use in the United States in the early 1970s. By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics. The Society for Business Ethics was started in 1980. Europe an business schools adopted business ethics after 1987 commencing with the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN). D. Organizations can manage ethics in their workplaces by establishing an ethics management program. Corporate research and watchdog groups such as the Ethics Resource Center and the Council on Economic Priorities point out that the number of corporations that engage in ethics training and initiate socially responsive programs has increased dramatically over the course of the past two decades. E. If a business owner treats employees, customers, and competitors in a fair and honest manner—and suitably penalizes those who do not perform in a similar fashion—he or she is far more likely to have an ethical work force of which he or she can be proud. "It is perfectly possible to make a decent living without compromising the integrity of the company or the individual, " wrote business executive William R. Holland.

单选题An incredible opportunity for real estate investors is investing in foreclosure. Foreclosed homes repeatedly sell at deep discounts; which provides buyers a straightforward opportunity to profit. Because foreclosed homes are often highly discounted, they can be purchased and sold with a large return. Homes that are facing or have vanished by way of foreclosure often meet the investing goals of both the long term investor and the investor that plans to flip the property. Plainly stated, a foreclosed property is one that has been repossessed by the lender for non-disbursement of the mortgage. Since the majority mortgages are collateralised by the actual property, a dwelling that has gone through foreclosure has re-claimed by the bank. There are a lot of things that occur all through this progression, and depending on which status the residence is located, the procedure can actually take numerous months. As a consequence of the difficulty of the process as well as the length and the cost for both the bank and homeowner, there exists a chance for investors to arbitrate and help both parties in the circumstances. Throughout the period previous to a home is officially repossessed by the bank, the real estate investor may have an opportunity to jump in. Throughout this preforeclosure time, the bank is actively taking steps to eject the property owner and take back the house. For the duration of this time, the homeowners are in the situation that they are no longer making payments to the bank and at jeopardy of losing their credit rating, their dwelling, and even their pride. Throughout these periods, an investor can choose to intervene and buy the habitat at a discounted rate from the homeowner. Depending on the situation, the investor could be able to purchase the house for less than is owed on it (short sale) which presents an important occasion. As mentioned before, the preforeclosure process may last many months. Nonetheless, if a declaration is not met involving the bank and landholder or a likely investor, the route ends with the bank placing the house up for community public sale. The last step in a foreclosed habitat is when the regional sheriff comes to provide the eviction notice and paste the public sale notice on the front door. At that point forward, the dwelling is officially foreclosed. Though it is much more challenging, after a habitat is foreclosed upon, it may well be bought at a discount at community sale. Although these auctions there are certainly deals to be had. However, it is important to realise that if the smallest bid is not met, the bank that owns the property could opt to get it back. In addition, at open public sale, you are competing with a number of additional investors so you may well not get as high-quality of a contract as you would have previously. All in 'all though, investing in foreclosed homes can be a grand way to profit.