By any measure, computers are among the most influential and powerful tools of the modern age. They represent the high-tech revolution that has transformed the ways in which human beings interact with each other and with the world at large. Seemingly, computers are the very definition of the modern era. Although modern computers have only been a part of our everyday world for a few decades, a discovery made just over a century ago found that the concept behind them is far older than anyone could have imagined. In fact, according to the experts who have studied an ancient Greek shipwreck, one particular "computer" dates back more than 2,000 years. Made of metal, this mechanism is approximately the size of a shoebox. It was found in 1901 by divers working off the isle of Antikythera. Uncertain of the mechanism"s function, the divers naned it after the island near which it was found. At the time, the Antikythera was in terrible shape from being underwater for so long. Its pieces had merged into a broken mass and all experts could deduce was that it had something to do with astronomy. Recently, thanks to a combination of advanced imaging methods and x-ray computer tomography, scientists have been able to re-create the possible design of the apparatus. The Antikythera mechanism once had at least 30 bronze gears with as many as 225 hand-cut teeth. Scientists believe it was designed to compute eclipses of the sun and moon a number of years into the future, as well as show the motions of the planets. While experts are still uncertain as to why the device was made, there is no doubt that its technology was at least 1,000 years ahead of its time.

Directions: For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

There are few portraits in the world as famous as Leonardo da Vinci"s Mona Lisa, but the identity of the model for the legendary painting has been an enduring mystery for countless people. Now some experts believe that the young woman might have been an Italian named Lisa Gherardini, the wife of an affluent silk merchant and government figure. Other researchers suspect it might have been Isabella of Aragon, the Duchess of Milan. Whoever she was, the mystery woman certainly gave the world one of its most mysterious smiles.

Inthissectionusescrappapertosolveeachproblem.ThendecidewhichisthebestofthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingovalontheAnswerSheet.{{U}}Directions{{/U}}:Inthefollowingtypeofquestion,twoquantitiesappear,oneinColumnAandoneinColumnB.Youmustcomparethem.ThecorrectanswertothequestionisAifthequantityinColumnAisgreaterBifthequantityinColumnBisgreaterCifthetwoquantitiesareequalDifitisimpossibletodeterminewhichquantityisgreater{{U}}Notes:{{/U}}Sometimesinformationaboutoneorbothofthequantitiesiscenteredabovethetwocolumns.Ifthesamesymbolappearsinbothcolumns,itrepresentsthesamethingeachtime.

For Questions 5 to 7, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

{{U}}Directions:{{/U}} In the following questions, choose the best answer from the five choices listed.

Recommended Maintenance Schedule for a Certain Auto (Given in Miles) Parts/Procedure Primary Driving Condition City Highway Motor Oil 3,000 4,500 Transmission Fluid 25,000 50-75,000 Power Steering Fluid 30,000 30,000 Main Belt 50,000 50,000 Radiator Hoses 50,000 50,000

Researchers at the Shimizu Institute in Japan believe it is possible to terraform Mars by making use of the planet"s own resources and by introducing genetically altered life from Earth. They hope these actions will speed up the terraforming process, not just by adapting Mars to support Earth-life, but also by adapting Earthlife to exist on Mars. These experts think they can use the Martian geology itself to jump-start the planet. The theory is that detonation of thermonuclear devices deep in the Martian mountains will trigger eruptions of hot magma that would melt the frozen atmosphere, thereby releasing the components necessary for life. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the experts" theory as explained in the last two sentences?

Inthissectionusescrappapertosolveeachproblem.ThendecidewhichisthebestofthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingovalontheAnswerSheet.{{U}}Directions:{{/U}}Inthefollowingtypeofquestion,twoquantitiesappear,oneinColumnAandoneinColumnB.Youmustcomparethem.ThecorrectanswertothequestionisAifthequantityinColumnAisgreaterBifthequantityinColumnBisgreaterCifthetwoquantitiesareequalDifitisimpossibletodeterminewhichquantityisgreater{{U}}Notes:{{/U}}Sometimesinformationaboutoneorbothofthequantitiesiscenteredabovethetwocolumns.Ifthesamesymbolappearsinbothcolumns,itrepresentsthesamethingeachtime.Directions:Inthefollowingquestions,choosethebestanswerfromthefivechoiceslisted.

For Question 13, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

{{U}}General Information:{{/U}} Numbers: All of the numbers used in this section are real numbers. Figures: Assume that the position of all points, angles, etc. are in the order shown and the measures of angles are positive. Straight lines can be assumed to be straight. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise stated. The figures given for each question provide information to solve the problem. The figures are not drawn to scale unless otherwise stated. To solve the problems, use your knowledge of mathematics; do not estimate lengths and sizes of the figures to answer questions. Multiple-choice Questions Select One Answer Choice {{U}}Directions:{{/U}} These questions are multiple-choice questions that ask you to select only one answer choice from a list of five choices. Select One or More Answer Choices {{U}}Directions:{{/U}} Select one or more answer choices according to the specific question directions. If the question does not specify how many answer choices to select, select all that apply. The correct answer may be just one of the choices or as many as all of the choices, depending on the question. No credit is given unless you select all of the correct choices and no others. If the question specifies how many answer choices to select, select exactly that number of choices. Numeric Entry Questions {{U}}Directions:{{/U}} Enter your answer in the answer box(es) below the question. Equivalent forms of the correct answer, such as 2.5 and 2.50, are all correct. Fractions do not need to be reduced to lowest terms. Enter the exact answer unless the question asks you to round your answer. Quantitative Comparison Questions {{U}}Directions:{{/U}} Some questions give you two quantities, Quantity A and Quantity B. Compare the two quantities and choose one of the following answer choices: A if Quantity A is greater; B if Quantity B is greater; C if the two quantities are equal; D if you cannot determine the relationship based on the given information. Note: Information and/or figures pertaining to one or both of the quantities may appear above the two columns. Any information that appears in both columns has the same meaning for both Quantity A and Quantity B. You will also be asked Data Interpretation questions, which are grouped together and refer to the same table, graph, or other data presentation. These questions ask the examinee to interpret or analyze the given data. The types of questions may be Multiple-choice (both types) or Numeric Entry. Each of Questions 1 to 7 presents two quantities, Quantity A and Quantity B. Compare the two quantities. You may use additional information centered above the quantities if such information is given. Choose one of the following answer choices: A. if Quantity A is greater; B. if Quantity B is greater; C. if the two quantities are equal; D. if you cannot determine the relationship based on the given information.

{{U}}Directions:{{/U}} In the following questions, choose the best answer from the five choices listed.

Nine times as many Americans died in the farmlands near Antietam Creek in the fall of 1862 than died on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day, the so-called longest day of World War II. The bloodiest single day of war in the nation's history came when General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army undertook its first engagement on northern soil. According to the Antietam National Battlefield park service, when the fighting had subsided, more than 23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded, more than all of the dead or wounded Americans in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Spanish-American War combined. Just a week after his army's victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee resolved to advance the front into Northern territory. The vast farm fields of western Maryland were ready for harvest, and Lee saw in them an opportunity to nourish his soldiers, replenish his supplies, and turn the residents of the undecided border state to his cause.

The evolution of culture is dependent upon the development of the tools of civilization. Civilized cultures exhibit a high degree of ingenuity. It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and modifiers that differentiates us from other animals and, some would say, makes us civilized. A monkey might use a stick to remove termites from a log, but that stick will never be reworked into a fork or other eating utensil. Monkeys have never devised a spoken language, written a book, composed a melody, built a house, or paved a street. To claim that birds build nests and beavers construct dams is to miss the mark. Man once lived in caves, but our imagination and creativity have allowed us to progress toward true civilization.

Thousands, perhaps even millions, of people around the world are afflicted with a neurological condition called synesthesia. The word synesthesia comes from the Greek words syn, which means "together," and aisthesis, which means "perception or sensation." Those affected by the disorder experience an involuntary, simultaneous joining of two senses; for example, some synesthetes--people with synesthesia-- perceive words as colors. Researchers do not know the causes of synesthesia, nor do they fully understand the mechanisms of the disorder. However, some scientists believe that synesthesia results from crossed connections in the brain; synapses that are traditionally associated with one sensory system have somehow crossed over into another sensory system, which leads to a juxtaposition of two, typically unrelated senses. Synesthetic perceptions are idiosyncratic, and are as varied as the perceivers themselves. Theoretically, the number of types of synesthesia is bound only by the sensory pairings themselves, such as the color/sound pairing mentioned previously. Researchers estimate that there could be as many as 35 different broad pairings-- sound/touch, taste/hearing, and so on--each characterized by many permutations and unique features. Indeed the variations could be endless, with each synesthete perceiving a slightly different color or sensation, for example. Although the perceptions vary among individuals, according to Dr. Richard Cytowic, a leading synesthesia expert, the lifelong inter-sensory associations of the synesthetes remain stable, no matter what senses are joined in a given synesthete.

Epiphytes, or air plants, may develop roots for attachment to host plants or objects (i) ______ for the movement of nutrients. Instead of using roots, they (ii) ______ their nutrition from the air or from rain, often collecting moisture in (iii) ______ structures. Blank (i) A. on behalf of B. as well as C. rather than Blank (ii) D. eliminate E. obtain F. restore Blank (iii) G. formalized H. authorized I. specialized

For Question 13, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text. During the Elizabethan era of the mid and late 1500s, __(i)__ were common, including Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, and tragedies were by far the most popular type of performance, despite their __(ii)__ endings. A. journalists B. playwrights C. biographers D. unanticipated E. exultant F. heartrending

Undersea life decreases with ______ depth; in very deep waters, light levels, salinity, and amount of oxygen tend to limit the number of species available.