There is hardly a generalization that can be made about people’s social behavior and the values informing it, that cannot be (i)______ from one or another point of view, or even (ii)______ as simplistic or vapid.

The senator’s attempt to convince the public that he is not interested in running for a second term is (i)______ given the extremely (ii)______ fund-raising activities of his campaign committee.

Once Renaissance painters discovered how to (i)______ volume and depth, they were able to replace the medieval convention of symbolic, two-dimensional space with the more (ii)______ illusion of actual space.

Although the number of reported volcanic eruptions has risen exponentially since 1850, this indicates not (i)______ volcanic activity but rather more widespread and (ii)______ record keeping.

As long as the nuclear family is (i)______ a larger kinship group through contiguous residence on undivided land, the pressure to (ii)______ and thus to get along with relatives is strong.

We first became aware that her support for the new program was less than ______ when she declined to make a speech in its favor.

That she was (i)_____ rock climbing did not diminish her (ii)_____ to join her friends on a rock-climbing expedition.

Because the lawyer’s methods were found to be (i)______, the disciplinary committee (ii)________ his privileges.

The biographer’s intense emotional involvement with his subject did not (i)________ objectivity, since the passionate engagement fostered deep knowledge that was ultimately necessary for truly (ii)________ judgment.

Because the monkeys under study are (i)______ the presence of human beings, they typically (ii)______ human observers and go about their business.

A unique clay disk found at the Minoan site of Phaistos is often ______ as the earliest example of printing by scholars who have defended its claim to this status despite equivalent claims put forward for other printing artifacts.

In linking geographically disparate people, the Internet is arguably helping millions of spontaneous communities to bloom: communities defined by common interests rather than by the accident of ______.

Our high (i)______ vocabulary for street crime contrasts sharply with our (ii)______ vocabulary for corporate crime, a fact that corresponds to the general public’s unawareness of the extent of corporate crime.

The remark was only slightly (i)______, inviting a chuckle, perhaps, but certainly not a (ii)______.

The research committee urged the archaeologist to (i)_______ her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great, since her initial report has been based only on (ii)_______.

He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered ______ bordering on hostility.

According to one political theorist, a regime that has as its goal absolute (i)______, without any (ii)_______ law or principle, has declared war on justice.

阅读理解Women s roles in literature nave not evolved nearly as rapidly as women'' s changing roles in society, and while these changes are reflected somewhat in what is written, female characters in most classic literature written by both men and women seem to adhere to the classic stereotypes. Though writing during an era in which impersonal criticism was virtually the only way for a woman to maintain objectivity, Virginia Woolf protested the notion that authors ought to separate fiction from reality, and her imaginative use of drama and character development to establish her point can be evidenced in her feminist non-fiction, most prominently the battle against patriarchal authority. Owing to its numerous personal references, most critics have claimed that her oeuvre is somehow self-centered or egotistical rather than objective, yet in truth Woolf is not using her personal experiences as a means with which to reflect upon her own self-image, but rather as a way to more vibrantly illustrate her external perceptions.

阅读理解The Headland Hypothesis argues that foraging or non-agricultural tribes　have been unable to collect adequate carbohydrates in the rain forest due to its lack of starch producing species, and were thus forced to develop trade relationships with agriculturalists. This hypothesis has been shown to rest on impossibly idealized conceptions of virgin rain forest, forager behavior and history, such that one may argue something diametrically different: millennia of trade relationships with agricultural peoples have led to changes in forager behaviors and in the composition of the forests they inhabit. Supposing that humans modify their environments in ways that are generally favorable toward their continued survival, it follows that an increased reliance on agriculturalists for carbohydrates might lead to the gradual disappearance of rain forest starches. Horticulturalists are likely to dedicate the majority of their efforts toward staple starch crops such as rice or wheat, which in some environments may provide a more efficient source of carbohydrates than does foraging. Foragers, then, would be inclined to assume the "professional primitive" role, and trade more tasty and nutritious rain forest resources such as meat and fruit in exchange for carbohydrates, as Headland himself observed in a multitude of cultures around the world. Foragers may have also lost some of their knowledge and technologies related to carbohydrate extraction from the rain forest, and the carbohydrate-rich rain forest species may have arrested their co-evolution with foragers, leaving the impression that rain forests have always possessed insufficient quantities of such resources to support humans. A co-evolutionary argument is not, however, necessary to this line of reasoning, for rain forests may adapt purely in terms of the quantity and availability of extant carbohydrate-rich species, as the case of sago palms evinces in two ways. Firstly, the selective harvesting of some trees has been shown to have a "thinning" effect which helps the species to gain sunlight and to thrive, positively affecting its long-term survival, reproduction and distribution at the expense of carbohydrate-rich species. Secondly, the sago palm has two means of reproduction: vegetatively, or through "suckers", and through seed disbursal, which whether intentional and inadvertent is likely to increase when humans are harvesting the trees. Although sago palms are particularlv nrevalent in the areas where, for instance the Penan foragers exploit it, there has been no study to show that this would remain the case if the Penan were to move, or to cease exploiting the trees. 　　Admittedly, this response to the Headland Hypothesis has problems, for not all carbohydrate producing species are disbursed by seeds, nor have they all been shown to benefit from human foraging behaviors. Theories of co-evolution do, however, predict that such relationships would be likely to evolve, and the simple fact that disturbing the rain forest through fire, sago harvesting, and　countless other means available to foragers can lead to better environments for carbohydrate growth, illustrates that significant changes could have occurred in much less time than one might expect.

阅读理解As the political consequences of Nazism and the liberal tone of the postwar world proved inhospitable to Darwinist thinking, so the disintegration of the postwar order, the end of traditional leftwing politics, a growing social conservatism and disillusionment with the idea of social progress has led to its return. As anthropologist Foley expounded, the history of the twentieth century has transformed our vision of humanity, leading to a loss of confidence in the notion that humans may be raised on a taxonomical pedestal above the swamp of animal brutishness. In deriding any social explanation of human behavior, and implying that emotions are biologically shaped, hence universal, scientists have come to odds with cultural anthropologists, who ridicule any biological interpretation of human behavior and view humans in strictly cultural terms. There is convincing evidence that the anthropologists are correct, for even something as fundamental as an emotion is far more than simply an evolutionary trait, given that only some emotions--anger, disgust, sadness, enjoyment and fear--are known to be universal, while others, such as jealousy and envy, vary in their expression and are arguably not emotions at all. Even emotions known to be universal cannot be regarded as simply "natural", given that the evocation of a particular emotion is both culturally and historically specific. The connotation of anger or sadness and the elicitors of these emotions may vary across cultures and throughout human history. There.are also culturally bound "display rules", often unconscious, which dictate the means or time of displaying emotion. For instance, Japanese and American students are privately shown very similar emotions in response to similar stimuli, but their public expressions are far from identical, a fact that may owe to the Japanese cultural tendency of remaining demure in public expression. 　　Even more contentious is the question of what emotions animals possess, of whether they are aware of such emotions, and of the relationship between animal responses and human emotions. The way of responding to these debates depends as much upon one''s philosophical inciinations as on the facts: scientists philosophically disposed to minimize the gap between humans and animals are more likely to perceive animals as having emotions, as being aware of them, while those anthropologists who seek an unbridgeable gap between humanity and lower life forms are likely to see appreciable differences between human emotions and animal responses. Thus, the scientific idea of the human is not simply an objective truth, but shaped by wider issues such as the prevailing ideas of progress, notions of racial difference, and the comprehension of the relationship between Man and Nature. All that may safely be concluded is that what constitutes a human is not only innate, but also nurtured.