It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up. Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of children, parents and society at large. It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so that schools reorient themselves towards their "clients". By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward. Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by "educational" we mean the development of all within the school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, "the consumers". If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important. If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be objective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another.

Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.

In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words about Security or Privacy. Your composition should write according to the outline given below.1．近些年来，许多公共场合都安装了摄像监控装置。2．人们对此众说纷纭。3．你的看法。

Researchers produced evidence to support what most of us already knew—that a cup of tea is the answer to any crisis. Dr. Malcolm Cross, a psychologist at City University of London, tested the anxiety levels of a group of people following a【C1】______situation and revealed that even a single cup of tea has a【C2】______calming effect. His team gave 42 volunteers a mental arithmetic exam and【C3】______offered half of them a cup of tea and the other half a glass of water. The water group's anxiety levels soared【C4】______25 percent compared to before the task,【C5】______the tea group actually reported a four percent reduction in anxiety—despite the difficult test, they were more relaxed than when they started. According to a survey carried out for the research, 68 percent of Britons【C6】______tea in a dilemma, making it the nation's most common response to trouble of【C7】______kind. About 60 percent said the promise of comfort and warmth was the main reason for putting the kettle on. "The【C8】______of making and drinking tea—particularly during times of stress—is at the very【C9】______of British culture," Cross said. This study shows that the social psychological【C10】______of tea enhance the effects of its chemical make-up on our bodies and brains.

"Years ago, a friend of mine observed that 80 percent of the people in this country have too much self-esteem and 20 percent have much too little. That struck me as pretty accurate, but psychologists will tell you that self-esteem is not a constant. People's appraisal of their own worth varies...I have the impression that more people have unstable self-esteem than before. I say this because some of the traditional standards people used to measure their own worth have eroded(middle class respectability), whereas more people now seem to measure themselves against celebrities and superstars. It would be interesting to know if anybody has studied changes in the criteria we use to measure self-worth. " Comment 1: You bring up an interesting point because I do believe values and beliefs have changed. It would be very interesting to see the criteria used for self-worth. I find it hard to believe that only 20% of people have low self-esteem. I've been following Brene Brown's thoughts on the subject of self-worth, and low self-worth(on some level)seems much more common. Comment 2: If the quality of one's self-esteem is going to be judged by comparisons with those who are celebrities and superstars, then the entire exercise is really pointless. Comment 3: Self-esteem solution: A happy marriage. Comment 4: Ego(self-worth)is proportionate to wealth. The more wealth, the more self-worth. Comment 5: Benjamin Franklin said it best, and it applies to all facets of life. "Contentment will make a poor man rich just as discontent will make a rich man poor. " It does not mean not try to do your best, or be the richest. It simply means once you've done your best, be content with yourself, just as if you don't give your best effort, discontent is sure to follow. Comment 6: I've "retired" from 30 years of expensive, if interesting, "personal growth" and "self-improvement" much probably motivated by trying to "fix" myself. Hanging out with friends at a local cafe is a way more satisfying. Comment 7: A related concept you may be interested in is the "sociometer theory" of self-esteem pioneered by Mark Leary(Wake Forest). Basically it states that our self-esteem is determined by the amount of perceived social acceptance/rejection, and that determination is full of cognitive biases and errors. Awesome stuff.

A. sponsoring book discussion clubsB. how they can best adaptC. short attention spansD. accomplishments are admiredPhrases: A. and knowing that their【T13】 1B.【T14】 2to such changesC. such as displaying their artwork or【T15】 3D. As teenagers have【T16】 4 Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual and physical changes that young adults go through. And they also need to give serious thought to【T17】 5Growing bodies need movement and nutrition, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new changes, teenagers feel especially awkward in the presence of others and need the confidence that comes from achieving success【T18】 6However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be fair to organize activities in which winners outnumber losers,【T19】 7A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as practice in successful group dynamics. 【T20】 8, activities should be organized in such a way as participants can remain active as long as they want, then proceed to something else without letting the rest down. 【T13】

A. It's really family firstB. the real work will start when they walk off the stageC. then it was just a penaltyD. because I'm a pretty street-smart guyYorke: You've talked about finding meaning in suffering. What do you mean by that? McGrow: Everybody at some point is going to have misfortune. I think if we don't learn from that,【D7】______But if you use it, then it becomes tuition. I draw a lot on my personal experiences. It's hard for people to deceive me,【D8】______Yorke: Are there families who come on your show but whom you feel you just can't help? McGrow: I never think that I'm doing eight-minute cures on television. But I think that 50 percent of the solution to any problem lies in defining it first. I can be an emotional compass that points them down the path, but【D9】______Yorke: What would you say is the greatest value system that you have?McGrow:【D10】______Our family and its properties, needs, values, come before everything else—work, recreation, whatever.

Last week 29 earnest American high school students were invited to an evening of receiving good words, small talk, warm toasts and fancy silverware. " Find out something about the person sitting next to you," advised by former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. "Eventually, you'll discover they always have something interesting to say. And you should always use the proper silverware in the proper order. " Albright was the guest of honor at the imitated Official Dinner, which was a lot like a real official dinner in Washington minus the soft money. The evening was sponsored by the St. Albans School of Public Services to introduce its first class to the fine art of social survival. More than 84 guests, including students, teachers, school donors and speakers, gathered to imitate the lifestyle of the rich and politicians. The idea was to teach the social graces that will help students survive any social situation. Anyway, the whole proper fork thing is overrated. Former White House official C. Boyden Gray shared his top tips for surviving dinner parties: " Drink as little as possible until you get to dinner. " "Don't be the first person there or the last person to leave. " "Try to get more out of your dinner partners than they get out of you. " Every Official Dinner has a great reason for being. State dinners, for example, are either an opportunity to reward emerging democracies or strengthen old friendships. The Official Dinner was intended to show the students an elegant evening in Washington—part of the four-week intensive summer program to encourage public service. The students are from 13 states and two foreign countries. The program includes classes on the presidency, the courts, the media and international affairs. The students also debated on public policy issues. "They're still at it at 10 o'clock at night," said director Mary Waikart. "That's a good practice for Washington, isn't it?" Since there was no band, Albright offered herself up as the night's entertainer. No singing, but stories about her life in diplomacy. "Being secretary of state is the best job in the world," she said. "Better than being president, because you don't have to deal with the elections. "

The US bio-defence research is particularly controversial because of the sheer______of the effort.

As a result of careless washing, the jacket______to a child's size.

A.medical B.so C.considered A. Several hot days are 1 a heat wave B

The company has capitalized ______ the error of judgment made by its business competitor.

Faith in medicine runs deep in America. We spend more per person on health care than any other nation. Whether we eat too much or exercise too little, whether we're turning gray or feeling blue, we turn to some pills or procedure to make us better. We assume that devoting even more dollars to medicine will bring us longer, healthier lives. But there is mounting evidence that each new dollar we devote to the current health care system bringing small and diminishing returns to public health. Today the United States spends more than $ 4,500 per person per year on health care. Costa Rica spends less than $ 300. Yet life expectancy at birth is nearly identical in both countries. Despite the highly publicized "longevity revolution" , life expectancy among the elderly in the United States is hardly improving. Yes, we are an aging society, but primarily because of falling birthrates. Younger Americans, meanwhile, are far more likely to be disabled than they were 20 years ago. Most affected are people in their thirties, whose disability rates increased by nearly 130 percent, due primarily to overweight. Why has our huge investment in health care left us so unhealthy? Partly it is because so many promised "miracle cures" , from interferon to gene therapies, have proven to be ineffective or even dangerous. Partly it's because health care dollars are so concentrated on die terminally ill and the very old that even when medical interventions "work", the gains to average life expectancy are small. And partly it is because of medical errors and adverse reaction to prescription drugs, which cause more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer or AIDS. Each year roughly 200, 000 seniors suffer fatal or life-threatening "adverse drug events" due to improper drug use or drug interaction. Why don't Americans live any longer than Costa Ricans? Overwhelmingly, it's because of differences in behavior. Americans exercise less, eat more, drive more, smoke more, and lead to more socially isolated lives. Even at its best, modern medicine can do little to promote productive aging, because by the time most people come in contact with it their bodies are already compromised by stress, indulgent habits, environmental dangers and injuries.

The passengers on the bus watched with sympathy as Susan made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to feel the seats, settled in one of them. It had been a year since Susan became blind. As the result of an accident she was suddenly thrown into a world of darkness. Susan's husband Mark watched her【C1】______into hopelessness and he was【C2】______to use every possible means to help his wife. Finally, Susan felt ready to return to her job, but how would she get there? She used to take the bus, but she was now too frightened to get around the city by herself. Mark volunteered to ride the bus with Susan each morning and evening【C3】______she could manage it by herself. For two weeks, Mark accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other【C4】______, specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to a-dapt to her new environment. At last, Susan decided that she was ready to try the trip【C5】______Monday morning arrived. Before she left, she hugged her husband【C6】______her eyes filled with tears of gratitude (感激). She said good-bye and, for the first time, they went their【C7】______ways. Each day went perfectly, and a wild excitement took hold of Susan. She was doing it! On Friday morning, Susan took the bus to work as usual. As she was getting off the bus, the driver said, "Miss, I sure【C8】______you. " Curiously, Susan asked the driver why. " You know, every morning for the【C9】______week, a fine-looking gentleman in a military uniform has been standing across the corner watching you until you enter your office building safely ," the bus driver said. Tears of happiness poured down Susan's cheeks. She was so lucky for he had given her a gift more powerful than【C10】______, that is the gift of love that can bring light where there is darkness.

A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road. The car's sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver's seat for traces of alcohol. An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit. The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver and passenger seats, while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver's palm. Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems. For example, Sweden's Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car's seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start. Nissan's new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a driver's alertness by monitoring their eyes. It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest. The car technology is still in development, but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology. " For example, if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver, the facial recognition system would still be used," Doi says. Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system, but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015.

A. converse with B. effect on C. rather thanPhrases: A. being able to【T7】 1a wider range of peopleB.【T8】 2just one has obvious practicalC. have a profound【T9】 3your brain Speaking two languages【T10】 4benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than【T11】 5Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can【T12】 6improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age. 【T7】

A. long way B. any more C. living beyondPhrases: A. that a lot of us think【T7】 1eighty-three would be a bonusB. Seventy is a【T8】 2off when you're twentyC. I'm not young【T9】 3 "I'm so glad【T10】 4" sang Maurice Chevalier in Gigi, though, as I recall the movie, his eyes sparkled with joie de vivre as he delivered the line. A survey of 2,000 people commissioned by the healthcare group Benenden suggests【T11】 5, though a surprising number believe that they will do well to reach seventy. One wonders of course how old these respondents were.【T12】 6, not so far when you're in your sixties. 【T7】

A______contest is intended to eliminate less qualified competitors before decisive contests.

There are still many problems ahead of us, but by this time next year we can see light at the end of the______.

Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't______so much noise.