Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow blindness. Yet, with dark glasses or not, they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snowblindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light". The United States Army has now determined that the glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of a snow-covered area. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscle aches. Nature balances this annoyance by producing more and more liquid which covers the eyeballs. The liquid covers the eyeballs in increasing quantity until vision blurs. And the result is total, even though temporary, snowblindness. Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line as they cross completely snow-covered landscape. Even the scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark-colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop searching through the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the man can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snowblind or lost. In this way the problem of crossing a solid white area is overcome.

A. The company should put a premium on you in the form of bonusB. You really did a good jobC. I couldn't have got the achievementA: John, your project made much profit for the company.【D4】______.B: You flatter me. If not having the support from our work team【D5】______.A: Did they help you a lot?B: Yes. We are efficient because of cooperation.A: Done well.【D6】______.B: Thank you very much for saying so.

Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition. The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyak, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of people function in the lives of the individuals. Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Websites you've visited, or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑)you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. The key question is: Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no". When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me". But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站)to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠券). But privacy does matter — at least sometimes. It's like health: When you have it you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.

The job of a student accommodation officer______a great many visits to landladies.

In the USA, 85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty. In the many states which still have the death penalty, some use the electric chair, which can take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal injection. The first of these was the case of Ruth Ellis who was hanged for shooting her lover in what was generally regarded as a crime of passion. The second was hanged for murders which, it was later proved, had been committed by someone else. The pro-hanging lobby(赞成极刑的活动集团)uses four main arguments to support its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First there is the deterrence theory, which argues that potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might die if they were caught. The armed bank robber might, likewise, go back to being unarmed. The other two arguments are more suspect. The idea of retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve: if a murderer intentionally set out to commit a crime, he should accept the consequences. Retribution, which is just another word for revenge, is supported by the religious doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The arguments against the death penalty are largely humanitarian(人道主义的). But there are also statistical reasons for opposing it: the deterrence figures do not add up. In Britain, 1903 was the record year for executions and yet in 1904 the number of murders actually rose. There was a similar occurrence in 1946 and 1947. If the deterrence theory were correct, the rate should have fallen. The other reasons to oppose the death penalty are largely a matter of individual conscience and belief. One is that murder is murder and the state has no more right to take a life than the individual. The other is that Christianity advises forgiveness, not revenge.

A. chocolates are my favoriteB. Its production is very smallC. I bring you a little somethingJack: Miss Song, how nice to see you again here. Miss Song: Me too, Jack, how are you?Jack: Pretty good, thank you. This time,【D1】______ .Miss Song: Oh, it's very kind of you. How beautiful it is. Shall I open it now?Jack: Go ahead, please.Miss Song: Chocolates! It's really a surprise.Jack: I chose it myself. They are not ordinary ones but the chocolates of best quality in America.【D2】______ . I hope you like it.Miss Song: Sure I will. You see hey are looking so cute and nice. I'm almost reluctant to eat them. Jack: Don't worry. If you like them, I'll bring you more next time. Miss Song: Thank you so much. You are very thoughtful. You know, 【D3】______ . You are so sweet!

【T3】

A. I want to buy some cleansing milk.B. The gentle formula keeps skin soft and healthy.C. I'll take it. Salesclerk: Can I help you?Customer:【D1】______What would you recommend?Salesclerk: Your skin is on the oily side. I suggest you use this kind. Customer: Is it effective?Salesclerk: Yes. It cleans thoroughly without striping your natural protective oil.【D2】______Customer: Is it expensive? Salesclerk: No, it's very cheap. Customer: OK.【D3】______Salesclerk: Thank you.

Not only in obvious situations A such as wars and revolutions B enemies are necessary and very useful as a way C to focus the attention and energy of our friends and followers, but in our every day activities D as well .

Japanese businesses are dvided into two main categories. The first is that of the major corportations that work closely with the Ministery of International Trade and Industry. These large Japanese corportations employ approximately one third of the Japanese work force. Approxinately 30 percent of Japanese frims are in this category. The second category, comprising 70 percent of Japanese firms, is that of smaller businesses employing the other two thirds of the work force. Smaller companies often have ties to the large companies and do subcontracting work. Companies in the second category do not offer lifetime employment. For the major companies, the advantage of subcontracting is that in times of recession they can reduce their orders to subcontractors and avoid having to fire their own employees.

Celebrate. Celebrate. Physicians are delighted with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel's recommendation earlier this year that Vioxx and its cousins Bextra and Celebrex (all medicines known as Cox-2 inhibitors) should remain on the market, despite evidence they increase heart disease risk in some people. The panelists reached their decision after weighing all the data and concluding the benefits of these pain-relieving drugs outweighed the risks. Specifically, these scientists acknowledged that, for some patients, these prescription drugs were uniquely effective in reducing pain from arthritis and other causes. For others—concerned about ulcers associated with aspirin and other OTC analgesics—the Cox-2 inhibitors offered the advantage of minimizing potentially serious effects of stomach irritation. Now is an appropriate time for everyone to take a fresh look at the benefit-risk equation for Vioxx and the other Cox-2 inhibitors. The risks—increased risk of heart disease in some who use the drugs—have been well publicized. Much less publicity has been given to a spectrum of real and potential benefits that go way beyond reduced risk of stomach irritation. These little-discussed benefits would have been lost, perhaps permanently—had Vioxx, Bextra and Celebrex been driven from shelves in pursuit of perfect safety, an unattainable goal. For example, there is substantial evidence Cox-2 inhibitors can reduce development of colon polyps, which may become colon cancel indeed. Celebrex is FDA-approved for those genetically prone to colon cancer. Ironically, the 2004 study that revealed the elevated heart attack risk of Vioxx was primarily designed to further establish the drug's effectiveness in protecting against colon cancer. And while the results of that interrupted trial have not yet been published, there is good reason to believe they will confirm the protective effects against colon cancer established in research over the last 10 years. At the time of its withdrawal from the market last fall, studies of Vioxx as well as the other Cox-2 drugs suggested they had other anti-cancer properties as well, possibly reducing the risk of malignancies of a number of sites, including the lung and esophagus. Had these drugs been dismissed, their untapped promise for prevention would have evaporated well before it was evaluated and applied to save lives. Fortunately, cooler and wiser heads prevailed.

【T16】

A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their off spring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of "first come, first【C1】______The late arrivals may acquire【C2】______territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the【C3】______of the enemies of the species.【C4】______there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not【C5】______. In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict【C6】______territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note,【C7】______, that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force【C8】______to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the case of those animals which are capable of【C9】______each other great harm,【C10】______is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.

The recent findings are also applicable to other areas of design engineering.

The problem had become ______in his mind, and he could not decide what to do about it.

I'm afraid there are people in the world who literally do not know how to boil water.

A. untilB. learningC. whenPhrases:A. does not mature 【T7】______ about the age of twoB. remember【T8】______to walkC.【T9】______they search through their mental files What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you 【T10】______ ? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom recall events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four rarely retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been proposed by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia" (儿童 失忆症). 0ne argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, 【T11】______. But the most popular theory maintains that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot reflect childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or narratives—one event follows another as in a novel or film. But 【T12】______for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fits the pattern. It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.

{{B}}WritingDirections: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words on the following topic. You could follow the clues suggested by the picture given below. Remember to write the composition clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

The A police finally B caught up with the man C whom they thought was the D escaped prisoner.