单选题It is appropriate on an anniversary of the founding of a university to remind ourselves of its purposes. It is equally appropriate at such riffle for students to 1 why they have been chosen to attend and to consider how they can best benefit from the privilege of attending. At the least you as students can hope to become 2 in subject matter which may be useful to you in later life. There is, 3 , much more to be gained. It is now that you must learn to exercise your mind sufficiently 4 learning becomes a joy and you thereby become a student for life. 5 this may require an effort of will and a period of self-discipline. Certainly it is not accomplished without hard work. Teachers can guide and encourage you, but learning is not done passively. To learn is your 6 . There is 7 the trained mind satisfaction to be derived from exploring the ideas of others, mastering them and evaluating them. But there is another level of inquiry which I hope that some of you will choose. If your study takes you to the 8 of understanding of a subject and, you have reached so far, you find that you can penetrate to 9 no one has been before, you research. Commitment to a life of scholarship or research is compatible with many other laudable goals. It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even 10 other facets of life prove disappointing. I strongly recommend it.

单选题Man. How did you like the new exhibit at the art gallery? Woman: I still haven"t been able to take any time off from studying. Question: What does the woman mean?

单选题The first thing to notice is that the media we"re all familiar with—from books to television are one-way propositions: they push their content at us. The Web is two-way, push and pull. In finer point, it combines the one-way reach of broadcast with the two-way reciprocity (互惠) of a mid-cast. Indeed, its user can at once be a receiver and sender of broadcast—a confusing property, but mind-stretching! A second aspect of the Web is that it is the first medium that honors the notion of multiple intelligences. This past century"s concept of literacy grew out of our intense belief in text, a focus enhanced by the power of one particular technology—the typewriter. It became a great tool for writers but a terrible one for other creative activities such as sketching, painting, notating music, or even mathematics. The typewriter prized one particular kind of intelligence, but with the Web, we suddenly have a medium that honors multiple forms of intelligence—abstract, textual, visual, musical, social, and kinesthetic. As educators, we now have a chance to construct a medium that enables all young people to become engaged in their ideal way of learning. The Web affords the match we need between a medium and how a particular person learns. A third and unusual aspect of the Web is that it leverages (起杠杆作用) the small efforts of the many with the large efforts of the few. For example, researchers in the Maricopa County Community College system in Phoenix have found a way to link a set of senior citizens with pupils in the Longview Elementary School, as helper-mentors (顾问). It"s wonderful to see kids listen to these grandparents better than they do to their own parents, the mentoring really helps their teachers, and the seniors create a sense of meaning for themselves. Thus, the small efforts of the many—the seniors—complement the large efforts of the few—the teachers. The same thing can be found in operation at Hewlett-Pack- ard, where engineers use the Web to help kids with science or math problems. Both of these examples barely scratch the surface as we think about what"s possible when we start interlacing resources with needs across a whole region.

单选题Woman: Mr. Crane always grabs the bread in one hand and his briefcase in the other, and hurries in time to get to the office. Man: That"s probably because the shorter distance people have to take to go to work, the less time they allow themselves. Question: What does the man imply?

单选题Why is Valentine"s Day, a holiday dedicated to the sweet bloom of love, celebrated in a cold month more suited to hats and gloves than to thoughts of love? "It"s very mysterious," says Henry Kelly, director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the University of California. Kelly theorizes lovers everywhere can thank two guys from the 14th century: renowned poet Geoffrey Chaucer—famous for penning "The Canterbury Tales"—and a not-so-famous saint who went by the name of Valentine. In 1381, Chaucer was busy composing a poem in honor of the arranged marriage between England"s Richard II and Anne of Bohemia. Chaucer was looking for just the right saint to honor on May 3, the day Richard II signed the papers of engagement to his Bohemia beauty. His search ended, Kelly guesses, when Chaucer learned that a Saint Valentine of Genoa had an honorary feast day on May 3. So he wrote the poem "The Parliament of Fowls" in the couple"s honor. "The Parliament of Fowls" literally means "the meeting of birds" , says Kelly. "Chaucer dreamed up the idea that all birds chose their mates on May 3rd. When the spring brought its sunny smile back to the earth, it was easy to imagine the winged animals fluttering about and flirting with their lovers. " After Chaucer"s death in ld00, Valentine"s Day celebrations got pushed back to February. The date may have changed because the first song birds that traditionally warble(鸟鸣) after a winter tend to debut in mid-February. But the holiday that honors lovebirds everywhere with rhymed verse and colored candy hearts has not always been so popular. The very celebration of Valentine"s Day has gone in and out of vogue. In the 16th century in Genoa you have it, but there is not much notice of it in other countries. The sweet-toothed holiday experienced renewed vigor in England just prior to 1800, and publishing companies came to the aid of tongue-tied lovers by distributing booklets of passages lovers could use to stir hearts. If they couldn"t find the words in their hearts, companies figured, at least these Romeos could find some coins in their pocket to make their sweethearts happy. The celebration suffered a popularity plunge in the 19th century, but by the next century, Americans had rescued Valentine"s Day from the trash heap, turning it into a commercial bonanza .

单选题Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate". Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests. In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she reeognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers performed equally well. The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. "As our tests became more complex," sums up Spilieh, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins. " He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental eapaeity."

单选题If people feel hopeless, they don"t bother to ______ the skills they need to succeed.

单选题Woman: How do you get along with your partner? Man: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we are both aware of the importance of spending time alone. Question: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?

单选题Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it. But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn"t easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations. Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don"t agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don"t always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It"s as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: "The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained. " Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label " the La Brea Tar Pits " of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.

单选题The meeting was______over by the mayor of the city.

单选题A recent report on population trend conducted by the think 1 of the World watch Institute identifies signs of slowing growth in some countries. It says populations in 32 countries—all in the industrialized world—have stabilized because of declining birthrates. But in a handful of developing countries where population is slowing, the cause isn"t something to 2 , because more people are dying. This trend is called "population fatigue", and it"s beginning in many of the developing countries that have experienced 3 birthrates and sharp population growth for several decades. Governments in these countries are now having trouble dealing with feeding, housing and educating an increasing number of children, 4 at the same time confronting the falling water 5 , deforestation and soil erosion that rapid population growth brings. In these countries any new threat—infectious disease, drought or famine—can become a 6 crisis. AIDS is a case 7 . WHO estimates calculate that one-quarter of the adult population of Zimbabwe and Botswana are infected with the AIDS virus, 8 , these countries stands to lose at least one-quarter of their labor force in the next decade from AIDS alone, a situation 9 since the yellow fever swept through Europe in the 14"h century. Social unrest is also increasing in these countries. One example is the 10 conflict between the Tutsis and the Hutus in Rwanda, where population pressures reduced cropland 11 where it could no longer feed those who lived on it. Demands on the world fisheries and shared water resources are likely to spark similar conflicts. Already the waters of the Nile are so heavily used that little reaches the Mediterranean, so any increase in demand or 12 in allocation will also increase tensions. The bottom line is that human population growth is 13 to slow one way or the other. Developing societies will either recognize problems 14 the horizon and act to encourage smaller families — or unchecked births will have their 15 in rising death rates.

单选题In William Shakespeare"s King Lear, as the extent of Lear"s folly becomes even clearer, he rages at his impotence and goes mad.

单选题The supporters of either party have rationalized their own opinion in terms of argument.

单选题The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator. " In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking salting, sugaring, bottling... What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. Consequently, most of the world"s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. The fridge"s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don"t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you"ll get rid of that terrible hum.

单选题By "a one-way street" (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ______.

单选题Woman: Our work in the language lab has been of great benefit to me. You know when I first took the course, I used to be quite at a loss, I simply couldn"t catch what the teacher said. Man: We share the same experience. Question: What does the man mean?

单选题How many people can live on the face of the earth? No one knows the answer. It depends on how much food people can grow 1 destroying the environment. More people now exist than ever before, and the population 2 growing. Every 15 seconds, about 100 babies are born. Before the end of this century, the earth may 3 10 billion people! To feed everyone, farmers must grow more food. They are trying to do so. World food production has gradually 4 over the years. In some parts of the world, 5 , the population is growing faster than the food supply. Some experts fear the world will not be able to produce enough food for a 6 that never stops increasing. To grow more crops on the same 7 of land, farmers use fertilizers and pesticides (杀虫剂). Some plant new kinds of grains that produce more food. These things help— 8 they don"t provide perfect solutions. The chemicals in fertilizers and pesticides can pollute water supplies. The new seeds developed by scientists have reached the 9 of what they can produce. When hungry people can get no more out of 10 field, they clear trees from hills and forests for new farmland, and in doing so they expose the soil. Then rain and floods may strip the topsoil from fields. This process is called erosion. Each year erosion steals billions of tons of topsoil from farmers.

单选题The gravitational pull of the Earth and the Moon is important to us as we attempt to conquer more and more of outer-space. Here"s why. As a rocket leaves the Earth, the pull of the Earth on it becomes less and less as the rocket roars out into space. If you imagine a line between the Earth and the Moon, there is a point somewhere along that line, nearer to the Moon than to the Earth, at which the gravitation pull of both the Earth and the Moon on an object is just about equal. An object placed on the Moon side of that point would be drawn to the Moon. An object placed on the Earth side of that point would be drawn to the Earth. Therefore, a rocket need be sent only to this "point of no return" in order to get it to the Moon. The Moon"s gravity will pull it the rest of the way. The return trip of the rocket to the Earth is, in some ways, less of a problem. The Earth"s gravitational field reaches far closer to the Moon than does the Moon"s to the Earth. Thus it will be necessary to fire an Earthbound rocket only a few thousand miles away from the Moon to reach a point where the rocket will drift to the Earth under the Earth"s gravitational pull. The problem of rocket travel is not so much concerned with getting the rocket into space as it is with guiding the rocket after it leaves the Earth"s surface. Remember that the Moon is constantly circling the Earth. A rocket fired at the Moon and continuing in the direction in which it was fired would miss the Moon by a wide margin and perhaps continue to drift out into space until "captured" in another planet"s gravitational field. To reach the Moon, a rocket must be fired toward the point where the Moon will be when the rocket has traveled the required distance. This requires precise calculations of the speed and direction of the rocket and of the speed and direction of the Moon. For a rocket to arrive at a point where the Moon"s gravity will pull it the rest of the way, it must reach a speed called velocity of escape. This speed is about 25,000 miles per hour. At a speed less than this, a rocket will merely circle the Earth in an orbit and eventually fall back to the Earth.

单选题A：We can make it 7 p.m. B: ______

单选题Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 3 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in 8 . It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much smaller. It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live.