单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}the system itself is in reality a mosaic,{{U}} (2) {{/U}}of thousands of smaller units--building blocks which together{{U}} (3) {{/U}}the whole. There are 50 state governments{{U}} (4) {{/U}}the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units,{{U}} (5) {{/U}}counties, cities, towns and villages. This{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of governmental units is best understood{{U}} (7) {{/U}}the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the{{U}} (8) {{/U}}process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the{{U}} (9) {{/U}}colonies (later states) and prior to{{U}} (10) {{/U}}, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11) by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny{{U}} (12) {{/U}}they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked {{U}} (13) {{/U}} their ship in 1620, they{{U}} (14) {{/U}}the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed{{U}} (15) {{/U}}each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U. S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system{{U}} (16) {{/U}}. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely{{U}} (17) {{/U}}the need for a series of governments more directly in{{U}} (18) {{/U}}with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain{{U}} (19) {{/U}}such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations--could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But{{U}} (20) {{/U}}such as sanitation, education and local transportation--belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).

单选题The International Whaling Commission's (IWC) decision to retain its ban on whaling does not mean that the killings will stop. Quite the (1) . Save the Whale. It's a phrase which became annoying with (2) , an unfavorable shorthand for liberal consciences. How appalling, then, that in the year 2010, it should be pressed (3) service again, to fight the whaling nations: Norway and Iceland, who exempted themselves from the 1986 prohibition (4) by the IWC, and Japan, which hunts whales under cover of " (5) research". I am completely (6) by this week's events in Morocco, where talks broke down. In my heart, I agree with those who have (7) the news that this year's negotiations of the IWC have broken up, and (8) the prohibition would not be lifted (as the US proposed in a desperate (9) to break the deadlock). Yet reason (10) something else. If we do not (11) some kind of new control, the (12) will be able to go on with their slaughter (13) . Membership of the IWC is (14) , and the ban was only ever intended to be (15) . Japan, which has been buying the votes of nations with no interest in whaling (only in the 16 Japan offers in turn), will continue to press its case, having invested millions of dollars in its (17) . Geoffrey Palmer, New Zealand's Commissioner at the IWC, has proposed a year-long (18) period. In the meantime, more whales will die. We stand at a crossroad for whales. We see the (19) existence of these animals as an indicator of ecological threat. As symbols of an endangered world, they evoke, and provoke, a feeling that they have the same qualities as human on a scale equal to their size and supposed (20) . To some this is so much sentimental words in the New Age.

单选题Which one of the following statements would proponents of the "nurture "theory agree with?______.

单选题The word" registered" in the last line most probably means ______

单选题Few scientific fields are as full of risk as that of research into human intelligence. The two questions that (1) over and over again are "is it a result of nature or nurture?" and "does race make a difference?" Making (2) comments about the second question can be a (3) move, as James Watson, a co-discoverer of DNA structure, recently found. He suggested that he was " (4) about the prospect of Africa" (5) "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours (white people) (6) all the testing says not really". Such (7) are not merely (8) , they are scientifically weird. If the term race has any useful scientific meaning, then Africa, the continent where modern (9) began, is most racially diverse. The resulting (10) forced Dr Watson to leave his laboratory. (11) , the study of (12) between intelligence and genetics has some wiser practitioners. One of them, Terrie Moffitt, of King's College, has just (13) a project (14) the relative importance of nature and nurture. Dr Moffitt's team (15) the effect on intelligence of breastfeeding, but in a genetic context. Previous studies have shown that breastfed children are more intelligent, (16) about six IQ points, than those given baby formulas. The team, however, (17) the involvement of a gene called FADS2, which comes in two varieties, known as C and G. The researchers (18) if these two varieties (19) differently with breast milk. (20) on data two groups of people, they found that the intelligence increase associated with breastfeeding only happened to people having inherited at least one copy of the C variety. The effect did not depend on the social classes or IQs of the parents.

单选题The author's primary purpose in defining power is to ______.

单选题How many countries in Europe permit euthanasia?

单选题The word "it" (Line 8, Para. 2) most probably refers to

单选题Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, is musical instrument. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print. But research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole. Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritages. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people's aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike. One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information-revolution", a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.

单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} In 1998 consumers could purchase virtually anything over the Internet. Books, compact discs, and even stocks were available from World Wide Web Sites that seemed to spring up almost daily. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proving to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store. A research estimated that in 1998 US consumers would purchase $ 7.3 billion of goods over the Internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier, owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal. For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon. com, which began selling books in 1995 and later branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $37.9 minion in the same period of 1997. Overall, however, the company's loss widened to $45.2 million from $9.6 million, and analysts did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2001. Despite the great loss, Amazon. com had a stock market value of many billions, reflecting investors' optimism about the future of the industry. Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided an efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers' attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. One video retailer sold the hit movie Titanic for $9.99, undercutting the $19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $6 on each copy sold. With Internet retailing still in its initial stage; companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.

单选题Researchers built the calculating difference engine according to Babbage's design in order to show that______.