单选题The author's attitude toward the intelligence reform bill is

单选题 Vienna was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. As the (1) of the Holy Roman Empire (which included parts of present-day Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Czech and Slovakia), it was a (2) cultural and commercial center (3) a cosmopolitan character. Its population of almost 250,000 (in 1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe. All three (4) masters were born elsewhere, but they were (5) to Vienna to study and to seek (6) . In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each other's musical (7) . Beethoven traveled to Vienna at sixteen to play for Mozart; at twenty-two, he returned to study with Haydn. Aristocrats from all over the Empire spent the winter in Vienna, sometimes bringing their private (8) . Music was an important part of court life, and a good orchestra was a (9) of prestige. Many of the nobility were excellent musicians. Much music was heard in (10) concerts where aristocrats and wealthy commoners played (11) professional musicians. Mozart and Beethoven often earned money by performing in these intimate concerts. The nobility (12) hired servants who could (13) as musicians. An advertisement in the Vienna Gazette of 1789 (14) : " Wanted, for a house of the gentry, a manservant who knows how to play the violin well. " In Vienna there was also (15) music, light and popular in (16) . Small street bands of wind and string players played at garden parties or under the windows of people (17) to throw (18) money. Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment (19) , (20) they called divertimentos or serenades. Vienna's great love of music and its enthusiastic demand for new works made it the chosen city of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

单选题Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics. Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics. During Nightingale's time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale's calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingale's sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically. As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics.

单选题The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli's work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.) The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in-borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth century Florentines-features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} An experiment that some hoped would reveal a new class of subatomic particles, and perhaps even point to clues about why the universe exists at all, has instead produced a first round of results that are mysteriously inconclusive. Dr. Conrad and William C. Louis presented their initial findings in a talk yesterday at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory where the experiment is being performed. The goal was to confirm or refute observations made in the 1990s in a Los Alamos experiment that observed transformations in the evanescent but bountiful particles known as neutrinos(微中子). Neutrinos have no electrical charge and almost no mass, but there are so many of them that they could collectively outweigh all the stars in the universe. The new experiment has attracted wide interest. That reflected in part the hope of finding cracks in the Standard Model, which encapsulates physicists' current knowledge about fundamental particles and forces. The Standard Model has proved remarkably effective and accurate, but it cannot answer some fundamental questions, like why the universe did not completely annihilate(毁灭) itself an instant after the Big Bang. The birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Since matter and antimatter annihilate each other when they come in contact, that would have left nothing to coalesce into stars and galaxies. There must be some imbalance in the laws of physics that led to a slight preponderance of matter over antimatter, and that extra bit of matter formed everything in the visible universe. The imbalance, some physicists believe, may be hiding in the dynamics of neutrinos. Neutrinos come in three known types, or flavors. And they can change flavor as they travel. But the neutrino transformations reported in the Los Alamos data do not fit the three-flavor model, suggesting four flavors of neutrinos, if not more. The new experiment sought to count the number of times one flavor of neutrino, called a muon(μ介子), turned into another flavor, an electron neutrino. For most of the neutrino energy range they looked at, the scientists did not see any more electron neutrinos than would be predicted by the Standard Model. That ruled out the simplest ways of interpreting the Los Alamos neutrino data, Dr. Conrad and Dr. Louis said. But at the lower energies, the scientists did see more electron neutrinos than predicted: 369, rather than the predicted 273. That may simply mean that some calculations are off. Or it could point to a subtler interplay of particles, known and unknown. Dr. Louis said he was surprised by the results." I was sort of expecting a clear excess or no excess," he said. "In a sense, we got both."

单选题What can be inferred from the last sentence of paragraph 1 ?

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} When Ted Kennedy gazes from the windows of his office in Boston, he can see the harbor's "Golden Stairs', where all eight of his great-grandparents first set foot in America. It reminds him, he told his Senate colleagues this week, that reforming America's immigration laws is an "awesome responsibility". Mr. Kennedy is the Democrat most prominently pushing a bipartisan bill to secure the border, ease the national skills shortage and offer a path to citizenship for the estimated 12m illegal aliens already in the country. He has a steel) climb ahead of him. As drafted, the bill seeks to mend America's broken immigration system in several ways. First, and before its other main provisions come into effect, it would tighten border security. It provides for 200 miles (320kin) of vehicle barriers, 370 miles of fencing and 18 000 new border patrol agents. It calls for an electronic identification system to ensure employers verily that all their employees are legally allowed to work. And it stiffens punishments for those who knowingly hire illegals. As soon as the bill was unveiled, it was stoned from all sides. Christans, mostly Republicans, denounced it as an "amnesty" that Would encourage further waves of illegal immigration. Tom Tancredo, a Republican congressman running for president (without hope of success) on an anti-illegal-immigration platform, demanded that all but the border-security clauses be scrapped. Even these he 'derided as "so limited it's almost a joke". Conservative talkradio echoed his call. No one is seriously proposing mass deportation, but Mr. Tancredo says the illegals will all go home if the laws against hiring them are vigorously enforced. Most labor unions are skeptical, too. The AFL-CIO denounced the guest-worker program, which it said would give employers "a ready pool of labor that they can exploit to drive down wages, benefits, health and safety protections" for everyone else. Two Democratic senators tried to gut the program. One failed to abolish it entirely; another succeeded in slashing it from 400 000 to 200 000 people a year. Employers like the idea of more legal migrants but worry that the new system will be cumbersome. Many object to the idea that they will have to check the immigration status of all their employees. The proposed federal computer system to sort legal from illegal workers is bound to make mistakes. Even ff only one employee in a hundred is falsely labelled illegal, that will cause a lot of headaches. And the points system has drawbacks, too. Employers are better placed than bureaucrats to judge which skills are in short supply. That is why the current mess has advantages—illegal immigrants nearly always go where their labor is in demand. Other groups have complaints, too. Immigrant-rights groups say that the path to citizenship would be too long and arduous and too few Hispanics would qualify. Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic speaker of the House, fretted that the new stress on skills would hurt families, adding that her party is "about families and family values". Some people worry that House Democrats will kill it to prevent Mr. Bush from enjoying a domestic success. Despite the indignation, public opinion favors the underlying principles. At least 60% of Americans want to give illegals a chance to become citizens if they work hard and behave.

单选题In his 1979 book, The Sinking Ark, biologist Norman Myers estimated that (1) of more than 100 human-caused extinctions occur each day, and that one million species (2) lost by the century's end. Yet there is little evidence of (3) that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the (4) species list have become extinct (5) the list was created in 1973. Bio- (6) is an important value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed (7) extinction rates bandied about are achieved by multiplying unknowns by (8) to get imponderables. Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a "species-area (9) ", which predicts that twice as many species will be found on 100 square miles (10) on ten square miles. The problem is that species are not distributed (11) , so which parts of a forest are destroyed may be as important as (12) . (13) , says Ariel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry- in Puerto Rico, "Biologists who predict high extinction rates (14) the resiliency of nature. " One of the main causes of extinctions is (15) According to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, what destroys (16) trees is not commercial logging, but "poor farmers who have no other (17) for feeding their families than slashing arid bunting a (18) of forest". In countries that practice modern (19) agriculture, forests are in no danger. In 1920, U.S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million. Forests in Europe (20) from 361 million to 482 million acres between 1950 and 1990.

单选题In our society, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person (1) by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, stand in football match (2) , we are likely to have conversations (3) we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views (4) by other members of society. Face-to-face contact is (5) the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the (6) of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things, (7) others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has (8) advances in printing, photography and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the (9) and reception of communications so that local news often (10) a back seat to national news. No longer is the possession of information (11) to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to (12) to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that (13) into millions of houses. Communication is no longer merely concerned (14) the transmission of information. The modern communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing (15) to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all (16) with informing, educating and entertaining. (17) a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society (18) which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is (19) to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning (20) .

单选题The write mentioned the case of "the hunter who shares his spoils with others" to demonstrate

单选题 "At Booz Allen, we're shaping the future of cyber-security, " trumpets a recruiting message on the website of Booz Allen Hamilton, a consulting and technology firm. It is hard to argue with that exaggeration right now. Edward Snowden, the man who revealed he was responsible for leaks about surveillance of American citizens by the National Security Agency (NSA), was a contractor working for Booz Allen. That has turned a spotlight on the extensive involvement of private firms in helping America's spies to do their jobs. The affair could lead to changes in the way these relationships work. The role of firms such as Booz Allen in the intelligence arena and the flow of government cyber- tsars into tech companies are evidence of an emerging cyber-industrial complex in which the private and public sectors are intimately linked. Some will see this as a worrying development, noting that President Dwight Eisenhower used the term "military-industrial complex" in a speech in 1961 to give warning about the dangers of too cosy a relationship between government, military men and defence contractors. There are risks inherent in the cyber-industrial complex too. Mr. Snowden's leak will raise questions about just how watertight firms such as Booz Allen can keep their operations. There is also a theoretical risk that former officials might tap their friends in government to give their new employers an unfair advantage in bidding for federal contracts or to influence policy for commercial advantage. But there are also reasons why the cyber-industrial complex should, on balance, be welcomed. For a start, many talented but weird techies would refuse to work for government agencies. Better to have them work as contractors than not to enlist their talents at all. Deep-pocketed firms may also be best placed to attract rare birds such as data scientists. Because of the danger that online security threats pose, companies need to co-operate closely with government spies and crimebusters to counter them. Former cyber-officials can advise firms how best to do this. Moreover, if the government wants to continue to benefit from the savvy of its departing cyber- warriors, it can always hire their new firms. Government types can also help cyber-security firms and consultancies, which are prime targets for hackers, to protect their own operations better. Dmitri Alperovitch, a founder of CrowdStrike, a cyber- security company that hired Shawn Henry after he retired from a senior position at the FBI, says that in addition to working with clients Mr. Henry is also responsible for CrowdStrike's own internal security.

单选题A) suffered B ) suffer C) suffering D) to suffer

单选题A narrowing of your work interests is implied in almost any transition from a study environment to managerial or professional work. In the humanities and social sciences you will at best reuse only a fraction of the material (1) in three or four years' study. In most career paths academic knowledge only (2) a background to much more applied decision-making. Even with a " training " form of degree, (3) a few of the procedures or methods (4) in your studies are likely to be continuously relevant in your work. Partly this (5) the greater specialization of most work tasks compared (6) studying. Many graduates are not (7) with the variety involved in (8) from degree study in at least four or five subjects a year to very standardized job (9) . Academic work values (10) inventiveness, originality, and the cultivation of self-realization and self-development. Emphasis is placed (11) generating new ideas and knowledge, assembling (12) information to make a " rational " decision, appreciating basic (13) and theories, and getting involved in fundamental controversies and debates. The humanistic values of higher (14) encourages the feeling of being (15) in a process with a self-developmental rhythm. (16) , even if your employers pursue enlightened personnel development (17) and invest heavily in " human capital " —for example, by rotating graduate trainees to (18) their work experiences—you are still likely to notice and feel (19) about some major restrictions of your (20) and activities compared with a study environment.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} "The news hit the British High Commission in Nairobi at nine-thirty on a Monday morning. Sandy Woodrow took it like a bullet, jaw rigid, chest out, smack through his divided English heart." Crikey. So that's how you take a bullet. Poor old Sandy. His English heart must be really divided now. This deliriously hardboiled opening sets the tone for what's to come. White mischief? Pshaw! White plague, more like it. Sandy Woodrow is head of chancery at the British High Commission in Nairobi. The news that neatly subdivides his heart as the novel opens is the death of a young, beautiful and idealistic lawyer turned aid worker named Tessa Quayle. Tessa has been murdered for learning too much about the dishonest practices of a large pharmaceutical company operating in Africa. Her body is found at Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya near the border with Sudan. Tessa's husband. Justin, is also a British diplomat stationed in Nairobi. Until now Justin has been an obedient civil servant, content to toe the official line—in short, a hard worker. But all that changes in the aftermath of his wife's murder. Full of righteous anger, he resolves to get to the bottom of it, come what may. "The Constant Gardener" has got plenty of tense moments and sudden twists and comes completely with shadowy figures lurking in the bush. There is a familiar tone of gentlemanly world- weariness to it all, which should keep Mr. le Carre's fans happy. But the novel is also an impassioned attack on the corruption which allows Africa to be used as a sort of laboratory for the testing of new medicines. Elsewhere, Mr. le Carte has denounced the "corporate cam, hypocrisy, corruption and greed" of the pharmaceutical industry. This position is excitingly dramatized in his book, even if the abuses he rails against are not exactly breaking news. In other respects "The Constant Gardener" is less satisfactory. Mr. le Carte can't seem to make up his mind whether he's writing a thriller or an expose. Ina recent article for the New Yorker he described his creative process as "a kind of deliberately twisted journalism, where nothing is quite what it is" and where any encounter may be "freely recast for its dramatic possibilities". Such is the method employed in "The Constant Gardener", whose heroine. Mr. le Carte says, was inspired by an old friend of his. One or two prominent real-life Kenyan politicians are mentioned often enough to become, in effect. "characters" in the story. And in a note at the end of the book Mr. le Cane thanks the various diplomats, doctors, pharmaceutical experts and old Africa hands who gave him advice and assistance, though in the same breath he insists that the staff of the British mission in Nairobi are no doubt all jolly good eggs who bear no resemblance whatsoever to the heartless scoundrels in his story. There's nothing wrong with a bit of artistic license, Of course. But Mr. le Carre's equivocation about the novel's relation to fact undermines its effectiveness as a work of social criticism, which is pretty clearly what it aspires to be. "The Constant Gardener" is a cracking thriller but a flawed exploration of a complicated set of political issues.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} The gap between those who have access to computers and the Internet and those who don' t could spell trouble not only for classroom learning today, but in turn for producing the kind of students who are ready to compete for the jobs of tomorrow. By the year 2000,60 percent of all jobs will require high-tech computer skills. Over the next seven years, according to Bureau of Labor statistics, computer and technology related jobs will grow by an astounding 70 percent. "We as a nation are missing the opportunity of a lifetime," insists Riley. "The ability of all students to learn at the highest levels with the greatest resources and have the promise of a future of real opportunity-this is the potential of technology." Riley proposes dosing the gaps in technology access by providing discounted services for schools and libraries. The 1996 Telecommunications Act called for providing all K-12 public and nonprofit private schools, as well as libraries, with discounts-an Education Rate, or E-Rate-'-for telecommunication services, in May 1997, the Federal Communications Commission unanimously voted to provide $2.25 billion a year in discounts ranging from 20 to 90 percent on a sliding scale, with the biggest discounts for the poorest schools. (The E-Rate covers Internet access and internal school connections, but not computers or software.) The first round of applications for the discounts ended in April 1998 with more than 30,000 received, in time for the beginning of the school year. With the E-Rate in place, it was hoped that most U. S. classrooms would be connected to the Internet (up from 44 percent now), including almost every classroom in the nation's 50 largest school districts. However, criticism from Congress and the telecommunications industry led the FCC in Jurm to reduce the amount available for 1998 to ＄1.3 billion. Still, the importance of connecting our schools to this vast and potentially powerful learning tool called the Internet is taking hold. In a June commencement address at MIT, the first by a sitting president to be broadcast on the Internet, President Clinton firmly emphasized the need to eliminate the digital divide. "Until every child has a computer in the classroom and the skills to use it... until every student can tap the enormous resources of the Internet... until every high tech company can find skilled workers to fill its high-tech jobs... America will miss the full promise of the Information Age," he noted. "The choice," he said, "is simple. We can extend opportunity today to all Americans or leave me behind. We can erase lines of inequity or etch them indelibly. We can accelerate the most powerful engine of growth and prosperity the world has ever known, or allow the engine to stall."