单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower{{U}} (2) {{/U}}status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the{{U}} (3) {{/U}}that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and{{U}} (5) {{/U}}, and one's life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that{{U}} (6) {{/U}}were created to enable the gods to{{U}} (7) {{/U}}up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to{{U}} (8) {{/U}}the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.{{U}} (9) {{/U}}the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}of the economic produce of the city were favored{{U}} (11) {{/U}}their supernatural and material functions{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. When, after 3000 B. C. , growing warfare among the cities made military leadership{{U}} (13) {{/U}}, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n){{U}} (14) {{/U}}position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to{{U}} (15) {{/U}}Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.{{U}} (16) {{/U}}them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who{{U}} (17) {{/U}}every aspect of the city's economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.{{U}} (18) {{/U}}the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or{{U}} (19) {{/U}}group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who{{U}} (20) {{/U}}the majority of the population; and slaves.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} If you have ever longed for a meat substitute that smelt and tasted like the real thing, but did not involve killing an animal, then your order could be ready soon. Researchers believe it will soon be possible to grow cultured meat in quantities large enough to offer the meat industry an alternative source of supply. Growing muscle cells (the main component of meat) in a nutrient broth is easy. The difficulty is persuading those cells to form something that resembles real meat. Paul Kosnik, the head of engineering at a firm called Tissue Genesis, is hoping to do it by stretching the cells with mechanical anchors. This encourages them to form small bundles surrounded by connective tissue, an arrangement similar to real muscle. Robert Dennis, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina, believes the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understand how it interacts with its surroundings. In nature, tissues exist as elements in a larger system and they depend on other tissues for their survival. Without appropriate stimuli from their neighbours they degenerate. Dr Dennis and his team have been working on these neighbourly interactions for the past three years and report some success in engineering two of the most important--those between muscles and tendons, and muscles and nerves. At the Touro College School of Health Sciences in New York, Morris Benjaminson and his team are working on removing living tissue from fish, and then growing it in culture. This approach has the advantage that the tissue has a functioning system of blood vessels to deliver nutrients, so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thick--the current limit. Henk Haagsman, a meat scientist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, is trying to make minced pork from cultured stem cells with the backing of Stegeman, a sausage company. It could be used in sausages, burgers and sauces. But why would anyone want to eat cultured meat, rather than something freshly slaughtered and just off the bone? One answer, to mix metaphors, is that it would allow vegetarians to have their meatloaf and eat it too. But the sausage-meat project suggests another reason: hygiene. As Ingrid Newkirk of PETA, an animal-rights group, puts it, "no one who considers what's in a meat hot dog could genuinely express any reluctance at eating a clean cloned meat product." Cultured meat could be grown in sterile conditions, avoiding Salmonella, E. coli and other nasties. It could also be made healthier by adjusting its composition--introducing. heart-friendly omega-3 fatty acids, for example. You could even take a cell from an endangered animal and, without threatening its extinction, make meat from it.

单选题What similarities do the University Colleges and Institutes have with the Universities?______

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that languages in general began as a series of grunts and groans. It is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, whether by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own systems. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions for "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them. The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion). The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not. The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research. The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

单选题The title which best expresses the main idea of the text would be

单选题A. what B. those C, where D. it

单选题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. MySpace and other Web sites have unleashed a potent new phenomenon of social networking in cyberspace, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}at the same time, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that traditional social {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}play a surprisingly powerful and under-recognized role in influencing how people behave. The latest research comes from Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James H. Fowler, at the University of California at San Diego. The {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}reported last summer that obesity appeared to {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}from one person to another {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}social networks, almost like a virus or a fad. In a follow-up to that provocative research, the team has produced {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}findings about another major health {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}: smoking. In a study published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team found that a person's decision to {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}the habit is strongly affected by {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}other people in their social network quit—even people they do not know. And, surprisingly, entire networks of smokers appear to quit virtually {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. For {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}of their studies, they {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}of detailed records kept between 1971 and 2003 about 5,124 people who participated in the landmark Framingham Heart Study. Because many of the subjects had ties to the Boston suburb of Framingham, Mass., many of the participants were {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}somehow-through spouses, neighbors, friends, co-workers—enabling the researchers to study a network that {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}12,067 people. Taken together, these studies are {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}a growing recognition that many behaviors are {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}by social networks in {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}that have not been fully understood. And {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}may be possible, the researchers say, to harness the power of these networks for many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}, such as encouraging safe sex, getting more people to exercise or even {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}crime.

单选题A UFO is a general term used for any "unidentified flying object" in the sky which cannot be (1) by an observer. Most UFOs remain (2) as so even after they have been investigated. The UFO phenomenon dates back (3) the beginning of recorded history, but UFO sightings have (4) increased since the mid 1940s. From UFO videos to UFO pictures, stories and other real life (5) , thousands of people from all (6) of life claim to have seen these mysterious aerial phantoms. Many UFO sightings turn out to be nothing at all, mere airplanes, meteors or comets; (7) many sightings have gone unsolved for decades or even centuries. The term "flying saucer" came into (8) use after American Kenneth Arnold claimed a UFO sighting on June 24, 1947 near Mount Rainier, Washington. Arnold claimed to have seen as many as nine brightly lit objects soaring (9) the sky (10) he estimated as up to 1,200 miles per hour. Arnold also reported that the objects appeared to have a disc or "saucer" (11) . (12) final conclusion has ever been reached in the case. One of the most famous LIFO incidents to date also occurred in 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico. (13) unidentified debris was recovered from the (14) of a Roswell ranch, the Roswell Army Airfield (15) a statement saying that a "flying disk" had been discovered. The airfield (16) the statement just hours later, claiming it was just a weather balloon. This sparked (17) and nation-wide rumors of an alleged government (18) of an alien LIFO that had crashed in the New Mexico desert. No (19) proof has been produced to this day to (20) that theory.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Modern liberal opinion is sensitive to problems of restriction of freedom and abuse of power.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, many hold that a man can be injured only by violating his will, but this view is much too{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. It fails to{{U}} (3) {{/U}}the great dangers we shall face in the{{U}} (4) {{/U}}of biomedical technology that stems from an excess of freedom, from the unrestrained{{U}} (5) {{/U}}of will. In my view, our greatest problems will be voluntary self-degradation, or willing dehumanization, as is the unintended yet often inescapable consequence of sternly and successfully pursuing our humanization{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. Certain{{U}} (7) {{/U}}and perfected medical technologies have already had some dehumanizing consequences. Improved methods of resuscitation have made{{U}} (8) {{/U}}heroic efforts to "save" the severely ill and injured. Yet these efforts are sometimes only partly successful: They may succeed in{{U}} (9) {{/U}}individuals, but these individuals may have sever brain damage and be capable of only a less-than-human, vegetating{{U}} (10) {{/U}}. Such patients have been{{U}} (11) {{/U}}a death with dignity. Families are forced to bear the burden of a{{U}} (12) {{/U}}"death watch". {{U}} (13) {{/U}}the ordinary methods of treating disease and prolonging life have changed the {{U}}(14) {{/U}}in which men die. Fewer and fewer people die in the familiar surroundings of home or in the{{U}} (15) {{/U}}of family and friends. This loneliness,{{U}} (16) {{/U}}, is not confined to the dying patient in the hospital bed. As a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society: Not yet{{U}} (17) {{/U}}the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. We have learned how to increase their years,{{U}} (19) {{/U}}we have not learned how to help them enjoy their days. Yet we continue to bravely and feverishly push back the frontiers{{U}} (20) {{/U}}death.

单选题Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Union's Lisbon summit set a goal of becoming the world's leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new- age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europe's approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But America's failures have a big advantage over Europe's weaklings: their country's more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up with a big chunk of equity, if not outright control. But shutting a bust European company is harder in two other ways. First, with no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading abruptly. That damages the value of the creditors' potential assets, and may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the European Union will find that it has to abide by different bankruptcy laws in the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and sometimes incompatible stipulations. The absence of provision for negotiations between companies and creditors increases the temptation for government to step in. When governments do not come to the rescue, the lack of clear rules can lead to chaos. As a result of all this, Europe's teetering firms miss the chance to become more competitive by selling assets to others who might manage them more efficiently. Their sickly American rivals survive, transformed, to sweep the field. An opportunity now exists to think again about Europe's approach to bankruptcy. The European Union is expected to issue a new directive on the subject in May. Germany has begun to update its insolvency law. And last year Britain produced a white paper saying that a rigid approach to bankruptcy could stifle the growth needed to meet Lisbon's goals.

单选题The writer seems to think Leibniz lost largely because ______.

单选题Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world, the same tactics apply. Advertisers now place "banners", links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing, we'll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised. Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying is increasing, leading to even greater profits. The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry. With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the World Wide Web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed. (404 words)Notes: on a whim 心血来潮。surf v.冲浪。in theory在理论上，顺理成章。hosting 访问率离的。call...into question 质疑，对……提出疑问。

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} With one eye turned towards keeping its own economy on track and the other trained fearfully on the impact of the global economic downturn, China has announced a four trillion yuan ($ 586 billion) stimulus package, the largest in the country's history. Unveiled by China's State Council on the evening of Sunday November 9th, the two-year spending initiative will inject funds into ten sectors, including health care, education, low- income housing, environmental protection, schemes to promote technological innovation, and transport and other infrastructure projects. The government also says that some of the spending will be directed to reconstruction efforts in areas battered by natural disasters, such as Sichuan province which was devastated by a massive earthquake in May. "Over the past two months, the global financial crisis has been intensifying daily," the State Council said in a statement. "In expanding investment, we must be fast and heavy- handed. " News of the stimulus package has been welcomed by global investors. Asian and European stock markets rose on Monday, with American markets also climbing. China's decisive move is likely to please foreign governments which are now grappling with the global downturn. It comes a few days before the Chinese president is scheduled to attend a global economic summit in Washington D. C. , and a day after Hu Jintao had spoken by phone to the American president-elect, Barack Obama, about the global economic crisis and other issues. China's government has so far provided few details of when the money will be spent or how it will be divided. Officials do say that fourth quarter investment for this year will total 400 billion yuan, including 20 billion yuan brought forward from next year's central government budget. If fully realised, the two-year spending spree would amount to about 16% of China's annual gross domestic product. The newly announced measures also include a loosening of credit policies and tax cuts. The plan calls for reforms in the country's value-added tax regime that would save industry 120 billion yuan, according to an estimate by the government. Credit ceilings for commercial banks are to be abolished in the hope of channelling more capital to small enterprises, rural areas and unspecified "priority projects". The government is concerned about the potential for frivolous or speculative investments, so the State Council also decreed at its meeting on Sunday that credit expansion must be "rational" and should "target spheres that would promote and consolidate the expansion of consumer credit". Finding ways to get Chinese consumers spending should be a priority. Unleashing domestic demand has been a longstanding goal of Chinese policymakers, but Chinese consumers-with few of their health-care or retirement needs reliably met either by employers or the state-often prefer to save. China has sustained double-digit economic growth rates over the past five years but the economy has been slowing, considerably in some sectors. The economy logged a growth rate of 11.9% last year, but many forecasters believe that it will dip below 10% this year, with fourth-quarter growth down to 6% or even lower. Growth rates in that range may be the envy of recession-battered economies, but mark signs of trouble for China. It is an article of faith among many economists-and a view publicly stated earlier this year by the Chinese Prime Minister, Wen Jiabao-that China needs a growth rate of at least 7% to avoid massive unemployment. The country has been hurt in recent months by softening export markets, depressed domestic property values and stock markets, and declining consumer and investor confidence.

单选题 So what is depression? Depression is often more about anger turned{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}than it is about sadness. But it's usually{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}as sadness. Depression can{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}at all ages, from childhood to old age, and it's the United States' No. 1{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}problem. When someone is depressed, her behavior{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}change and she loses interest in activities she{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}enjoyed (like sports, music, friendships). The sadness usually lasts every day for most of the day and for two weeks or more. What{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}depression? A{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}event can certainly bring{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}depression, but some will say it happens{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}a specific cause. So how do you know if you're just having a bad day{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}are really depressed? Depression affects your{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}, moods, behavior and even your physical health. These changes often go{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}or are labeled{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}simply a bad case of the blues. Someone who's truly{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}depression will have{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}periods of crying spells, feelings of{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}(like not being able to change your situation) and{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}(tike you'll feel this way forever), irritation or agitation. A depressed person often{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}from others, Depression seldom goes away by itself, and the greatest{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}of depression is suicide. The risk of suicide increases if the depression isn't treated.