单选题The meanings of "science" and "technology" have changed significantly from one generation to another. More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms. Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition. Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of "pure" science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions. Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics Were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations. In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control. Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization, but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.

单选题The Southdale shopping centre in Minnesota has an atrium, a food court, fountains and acres of parking. Its shops include a Dairy Queen, a Victoria's Secret and a purveyor of comic T-shirts. It may not seem like a landmark, as important to architectural history as the Louvre or New York's Woolworth Building. But it is. "oh, my god!" chimes a group of teenage girls, on learning that they are standing in the world's first true shopping mall. "That is the coolest thing anybody has said to us all day. " In the past half century Southdale and its many imitators have transformed shopping habits, urban economies and teenage speech. America now has some 1,100 enclosed shopping malls, according to the International Council of Shopping Centres. Clones have appeared from Chennai to Martinique. Yet the mall's story is far from triumphal. Invented by a European socialist who hated cars and came to deride his own creation, it has a murky future. While malls continue to multiply outside America, they are gradually dying in the country that pioneered them. Southdale's creator arrived in America as a refugee from Nazi-occupied Vienna. Victor Gruen was a Jewish bohemian who began to design shops for fellow immigrants in New York after failing in cabaret theatre. His work was admired partly for its uncluttered, modernist look, which seemed revolutionary in 1930s America. But Gruen's secret was the way he used arcades and eye-level display cases to lure customers into stores almost against their will. As a critic complained, his shops were like mousetraps. A few years later the same would be said of his shopping malls. By the 1940s department stores were already moving to the suburbs. Some had begun to build adjacent strips of shops, which they filled with boutiques in an attempt to re-create urban shopping districts. In 1947 a shopping centre opened in Los Angeles featuring two department stores, a cluster of small shops and a large car park. It was, in effect, an outdoor shopping mall. Fine for balmy southern California, perhaps, but not for Minnesota's harsh climate. Commissioned to build a shopping centre at Southdale in 1956, Gruen threw a roof over the structure and installed an air-conditioning system to keep the temperature at 75°F (24℃)—which a contemporary press release called "Eternal Spring". The mall was born. Gruen got an extraordinary number of things right first time. He built a sloping road around the perimeter of the mall, so that half of the shoppers entered on the ground floor and half on the first floor-something that became a standard feature of malls. Southdale's balconies were low, so that shoppers could see the shops on the floor above or below them. The car park had animal signs to help shoppers remember the way back to their vehicles. It was as though Orville and Wilbur Wright had not just discovered powered flight but had built a plane with tray tables and a duty-free service.

单选题In the third sentence of Paragraph 2, the "four quarters" refers to ______.

单选题One of the facts that reflect the primitiveness of airline industry is ______.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than that is possible to learn in general history classes. Most{{U}} (1) {{/U}}history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}, art history{{U}} (3) {{/U}}on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious{{U}} (4) {{/U}}, emotions, and psychology.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}, information about the daily activities of our own can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the{{U}} (6) {{/U}}qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than what can be found in most history books. In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is{{U}} (7) {{/U}}; that is, facts about political are given, but{{U}} (8) {{/U}}are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is{{U}} (9) {{/U}}: it reflects emotions and impressions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya severely criticized the Spanish government for its{{U}} (10) {{/U}}of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic{{U}} (11) {{/U}}were used in Pablo Picasso's Guemica to express the{{U}} (12) {{/U}}of war.{{U}} (13) {{/U}}, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera depicted these Mexican artists' concealed{{U}} 14 {{/U}}and sadness about social problems. In the same way, art can{{U}} (15) {{/U}}a culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was{{U}} (16) {{/U}}the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible.{{U}} (17) {{/U}}most people couldn't read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls.{{U}} (18) {{/U}}, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its{{U}} (19) {{/U}}of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

单选题You know you should do it, other people do it all the time. Maybe you've already done it but it wasn't very satisfying, and you'd like to learn to do it better. I'm talking, of course, about having a business lunch. Don't feel embarrassed if you are uncomfortable with the idea of sitting over a grilled chicken breast, talking to a prospective client. Most inexperienced, overeager launchers believe the main purpose of a business lunch is to either (a) conduct business or (b) eat lunch, and they're unsure how to mix the two. Don't worry! Business lunches aren't about either business or lunch,they're about building relationships. One of my business rules is "People do business with people they like. " Often, it's not products, prices, or the company that makes the sale—it's the person Business lunches are the perfect time for you and your client, supplier, or employee to get to know each other as people. This helps establish common interests and makes working together easier. The single most important thing you can do at a business lunch—even more important than picking up the tab—is listen. You don't need a particular reason to ask someone to lunch, so don't wait until for a certain occasion or issue. Don't make it seem like lunch is going to be a sales call. Instead, try the straightforward approach, "We've been doing business together for almost a year. I'd like to take you to lunch and get to know you a little better." Or a little less straightforward, "I'm often in your area, how about having lunch sometime?" Have the other person suggest a place to eat—"Is there a restaurant you've been wanting to try?" Or if you have a limited budget, you choose a nice mid priced restaurant. Forget McDonald's. If you're thanking someone for an important order, take them to a really special, possibly new, restaurant. If you did the inviting, you pick up the tab, even if your guest says, "I can put this on my company's credit card." But don't have a scene arguing over the check. You can just say, "You can get the next one." Some companies have policies that don't permit employees to be treated; in that case, split the tab.

单选题Hunger is no novelty. We can discount legends of golden ages, lands of Cockayne, and Megasthenes" statement that before Alexander"s invasion of India, there had never been famine or food shortage there. Trustworthy historical records show that during the Renaissance one year in ten in Britain, and one in five in Europe, was a famine year. China, with a greater area and more diverse climate, had a famine in some region every year. Famine is a state of affairs in which people are dying in the streets. It therefore attracts the notice of historians and is recorded. The fact that it strikes people who are aware of having been properly fed and well is more important. Not only are the survivors more adjustable, they are also angry at the breakdown of the system and eager to do something about it though it is obvious from the record that they do not always have the means. Malnutrition is much more underhanded. It is a chronic state in which the total food supply or, more often, the supply of certain components such as protein or some of the vitamins, is inadequate. It seems probable that, either constantly or seasonally, it used to be the usual condition of mankind and was regarded as normal. The unhealthy appearance of the figures in medieval paintings and drawings is often put down to the incompetence of the artist: it is as likely that most people really did look like that. The plentifulness with which poets greeted the "merry month of May" may, in our dull climate, have had a climatic basis: it is just as likely that in May, after six months" shortage, there was now an adequate vitamin supply. The promptness with which some sailors died of scurvy after leaving port suggests that they were normally on the edge of scurvy and needed only a slight worsening of conditions to get it acutely. Others will think of other examples. Hunger and malnutrition are components of a classic example of a vicious circle. They lead to enfeeblement or unfeelingness in which nothing either can be done, or seems to be worth doing, to alter the state of affairs, this leads to more hunger and malnutrition. There is good reason to think that, in much of the developing world, if the circle could once be broken, it need never return.

单选题What does the author imply by saying “living space.., is figured.., also in cubic volume______above the earth”( in para 3 ) ?

单选题On April 20,2000, in Accra, Ghana, the leaders of six West African countries declared their intention to proceed to monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003, as first step toward a wider monetary union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004. The six countries 1 themselves to reducing central bank financing of budget deficits 2 10 percent of the previous years government 3 ; reducing budget deficits to 4 percent of the second phase by 2003; creating a Convergence Council to help control macroeconomic policies; and 5 up a common central bank. Their declaration 6 that, "Member States 7 the need 8 strong political commitment and 9 to 10 all such national policies 11 would facilitate the regional monetary integration process." The goal of a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization, going back to its formation in 1975, and is intended to 12 broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and 13 institutions. In the colonial period, currency boards linked sets of countries in the region. 14 independence, 15 , these currency boards were 16 , with the 17 of the CFA franc zone, which included the francophone countries of the region. Although there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary cooperation, political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region"s countries have to 18 inhibited progress. Although some problems remain, the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in 1999 of a democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional 19 in Nigeria, the largest economy of the region, raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be 20 .

单选题According to the last paragraph, which of the following will be accepted by the author?______.

单选题By "glass ceiling...remain low for women", the author intends to show that in most corporations

单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings doomed to failure. This universe of discourse — one of the most precious of all cultural legacies — is transmitted to each generation in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitly, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. A child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and received largely unconsciously, making one’s own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that they require no explanation. In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebug Problem”. Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times in any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly west of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct. The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug — where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us — imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have not yet been deciphered, and where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.

单选题According to the author, a business plan should include

单选题The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, (1) , depends first and (2) on its capacity to produce wealth." Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money (3) on things that money can buy. "Goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and " (4) ". A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of (5) have an effect on one another. Wealth depends (6) a great extent upon a country's natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a (7) climate; other regions possess none of them. Next to natural resources (8) the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well (9) as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and (10) wars, and (11) this and other reasons was (12) to develop her resources. (13) and stable political conditions, and (14) from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well (15) by nature but less well ordered. A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed (16) its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. (17) , Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on (18) grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would (19) be lacking. A country's wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, (20) that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.