问答题Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain"s physical deterioration. 1 It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. "That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. 2 However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. 3 Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. "Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood." There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. 4 Coffeyand colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical (脑皮层的) shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. 5 In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.

问答题Directions:ThefollowingpicturestandsforChineseYoungVolunteers.Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthissign.Yourcompositionshouldinclude.1)descriptionofthesign;2)reasonswhypeoplewanttovolunteer,and3)yourcomments.

问答题Directions: You are the leader of an English Corner. Write an invitation letter to ask an international student Jim to join you. In the letter, you should write 1) the purpose of the invitation, and 2) the time of the activity. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: Your friend sent you a parcel a month ago, but you haven"t received it so far. Write a letter to the post office. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyoursuggestionsastothebestwaytoencouragehonesty.微信如照镜子，你以真面目对它，它报以真面目，你以假面目对它，它也还你假面目。

问答题These days, house price vertigo is more than a local or national condition. It's a worldwide phenomenon. (46)The American housing boom in recent years is nothing compared with the price run- up in countries like France, Spain, Britain, Ireland, Sweden and Australia, even though markets in Australia and Britain have cooled in the last year. Million-dollar two-bedroom apartments are not only a fixture of New York, but of London, Paris and Hong Kong. In New Zealand, housing prices rose by more than 16 percent from 2003 to 2004. In Ireland, they rose more than 10 percent in that period. The rise in prices is worrisome, because the international housing boom is a byproduct of globalization. A house on a plot of ground is the most local of assets. (47)But the financial markets that make it possible for people to borrow money to buy a house, or speculate, are increasingly open, international and linked. Interest rate policies in the industrialized world tend to move in lockstep, usually led by the United States. t growing community of affluent professionals around the world now buy second homes and invest in housing abroad. (48)The economic links act as a self-reinforcing network that has fueled the global surge in house prices but would also likely magnify the pain on the way down. The ripples would extend well beyond the housing markets. A fall in American house prices, for example, would crimp consumer spending--and free-spending Americans have supported growth in many export-minded nations, notably China. (49) "The real concern is that the housing boom extends across so many countries this time," said Susan M. Wachter, a professor of real estate at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. "That just raises the stakes, and the risk, when the music stops. " The global surge in house prices is a boom by design, largely manufactured by the world's central banks, led by the Federal Reserve. And it was done for good reason..(50)Faced with a falling stock market and the collapse of the high-tech bubble, the Fed cut interest rates sharply in 2000 to try to limit the damage to the American economy and its trading partners. Other central banks, like the European Central Bank, quickly followed the Fed's lead. Higher government spending and tax cuts were also part of the formula. Cheap credit worldwide fueled the housing market, making mortgage payments less costly. Homeowners refinanced their mortgages at lower rates, and the savings went into consumer spending. They took out home-equity loans on houses of rising value, and spent that borrowed money on cars, clothes, furniture, restaurant meals and vacations. The higher consumer spending and the soaring value of the home nest-egg have kept the global economy chugging along.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.{{/I}}

问答题 Empirical and experimental philosophy has no quarrel with science, either in itself or in its application to education. On the contrary, scientific conclusions and methods are the chief ally of an empirical philosophy of education. For according to empirical philosophy, science provides the only means we have for learning about man and the world in which he lives. Some have thought that this fact makes philosophy unnecessary. They have supposed that the admission that science is supreme in the field of knowledge covers the whole ground of human experience. 46. {{U}}The elimination does rule out one kind of philosophy, namely, that which held that philosophy is a higher form of knowledge than the scientific kind, one which furnishes knowledge of ultimate higher reality.{{/U}} But it does not follow from the elimination of this particular type of philosophy that philosophy itself must be so. It would tallow if man were simply and only a knowing being. He is also an acting being, a creature with desires, hopes, fears, purposes and habits. To the average person knowledge itself is of importance because of its bearing upon what he needs to do. It helps him in clarifying his wants, in constructing his ends and in finding means for realizing them. 47. {{U}}There exist, in other words, values as well as known facts and principles, and philosophy is concerned primarily with values—with the ends for the sake of which man acts.{{/U}} 48. {{U}}Given the most extensive and accurate system Of knowledge, man is still faced with the question of what he is going to do about it and what he is going to do with the knowledge in his possession{{/U}}. 49. {{U}}In this matter of the connection of what is known with values, science is an ally of an empirical philosophy against absolute philosophies which pretend that fixed and eternal truths are known by means of organs and methods that are independent of science.{{/U}} The objection to this position is not merely theoretical. The practical objections to it are that it strengthens appeal to authority and promotes Controversies, which can't be settled by the use of the methods of inquiry and proof that have been worked out in the sciences. There is no great danger that the present-day revival in some quarters of [Greek and medieval philosophies] will make much headway as a theoretical philosophy. 50. There is always danger that such philosophies will have practical {{U}}influence in reinforcing established social authority that is exercised on behalf of the maintenance of the existing social situation.{{/U}} Against this danger, an experimental philosophy stands in firm alliance with the methods by which the natural sciences arrive at warranted truths.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "After Graduation." In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture; (2) interpret its meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SIIEET 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressay,youshould:{{/I}}1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are Li Ming. During the week-long holiday, you joined a package tour organized by a travel agency to the city of Beijing. But when you got there, you found the services provided [or you rather disappointing. Then you decided to writer a letter to the General Manager to 1) state your purpose of writing, 2) complain about the services, and 3) make some suggestions. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "The Adaptation of the Classical Literature". In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture; (2) interpret its meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Psychologists once believed that the motive that caused men to strive to attain high-level managerial positions was the "need for achievement". But now they believe it is the "need for power". Power seekers strive hard to reach positions where they can exercise authority over large numbers of people. (46) Individual performers who lack this drive are not likely to advance far up the managerial ladder. They usually scorn company politics and devote their energies to other types of activities. The power game is part of management, and it is played best by those who enjoy it most. (47) One of the least rational acts of business organizations is that of hiring managers who have a high need to exercise authority, and then teaching them that authoritative methods are wrong and that they should be consultative or participative. (48) It is a serious mistake to teach managers that they should adopt styles that are inconsistent with their unique personalities. Yet this is precisely what a large number of business organizations are doing; and it explains, in part, why their management development programs are not effective. (49) What managerial aspirants should be taught is how to exercise their authority in a way that is appropriate to the situation and the people involved. They need to learn that the real source of their power is their own knowledge and skill, and the strength of their own personalities, not the authority conferred on them by their positions. When they lack the knowledge or skill required to perform the work, they need to know how to share their authority. (50) But when they know what has to be done and have the skill and personality to get it done, they must exercise their traditional authority in whatever way is necessary.