问答题 The initial fund of general scientific knowledge is an invaluable asset (财产), but the young research worker should have no illusion(错觉) about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting(传授) it. 46){{U}}Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.{{/U}} The original papers of great scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are never as rigid and self-confident as the resumes(摘要说明)of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them "it appears that", "it probably means", "it seems likely that", more than once, as expressions of elements of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. 47){{U}}Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put for word as only approximately true, or true only in certain circumstances.{{/U}} Immediately upon starting on the first serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. 48){{U}}The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgement he can trust.{{/U}} While reading these publications in a most attentive and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. 49){{U}}No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere gramophone records, faithfully reproducing his remarks, never questioning anything, never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them.{{/U}} The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. 50){{U}}The initial observations and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Suppose you were a tourist in a strange city. You left your video camera in the hotel room and didn't notice it until you arrived home. Write a letter to the hotel, asking them to send it to you? Tell them the type of the camera and other necessary information about this event.{{/I}} You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not .sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}ThechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperweekspentondifferenttypesoffastfoodinBritain.Thegraphshowsthetrendsinconsumptionoffastfood.Writeareportforyouruniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshowninbothcharts.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题About 150 years ago, a village church vicar in Yorkshire, England, had three lovely, intelligent daughters but his hopes hinged entirely on the sole male heir, Branwell, a youth with remarkable talent in both art and literature. 46) Branwell's father and sisters hoarded their pennies to. Rack him off to London's Royal Academy of Arts, but if art was his calling, he dialed a wrong number. Within weeks he hightailed it home, a penniless failure. Hopes still high, the family landed Branwell a job as a private tutor, hoping this would free him to develop his literary skills and achieve the success and fame that he deserved. Failure again. 47) For years the selfless sisters squelched their own goals farming themselves out as teachers and governesses in support of their increasingly indebted brother, convinced the world must eventually recognize his genius. As failure multiplied, Branwell turned to alcohol, then opium, and eventually died as he had lived: a failure. So died hope in the one male-but what of the three anonymous sisters.? During Branwell's last years, the girls published a book of poetry at their own expense (under a pseudonym, for fear of reviewers' bias against females). Even Branwell might have snickered: they sold only two copies. 48) Undaunted, they continued in their spare time, late at night by candlelight, to pour out their pent-up emotion, writing of what they knew best, of women in conflict with their natural desires and social condition-in reality, less fiction than autobiography! And 19th century literature was transformed by Anne's Agnes Grey, Emily's Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte's Jane Eyre. But years of sacrifice for Brauwell had taken their toll. 49) Emily took ill at her brother's funeral and died within 3 months, aged 30; Anne died 5 months later, aged 29; Charlotte lived only to age 39. If only they. had been nurtured instead of having been sacrificed. No one remembers Branwell's name, much less his art or literature, but the Bronte sisters' tragically short lives teach us even more of life than literature. 50) Their sacrificed genius cries out to us that in modern society we must value children not by their physical strength or sexual gender, as we would value any boast of burden, but by their integrity strength a commitment, courage-spiritual qualities abundant in both boys and girls. China, a nation blessed by more boys and girls than any nation, ignores at her own peril the lesson of the Brontes' tragedy.

问答题Although Henry Ford's name is closely associated with the concept of mass production,he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today's standards. Safety measures were improved, and the workday was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or-twelve-hour day common at the time. In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts. In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted. (47)The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants. Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts. (48)The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions. Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced—in effect creating a market for the product. (49)In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits,including sobriety,thriftiness,industriousness,and dependability. (50)Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees,there can be no doubt that,at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways,henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Supposeyouarethemanagerofacompany.Writealetterofjobrefusaltooneoftheintervieweesinwhichshouldinclude(1)yourappreciationforhisapplication;(2)themasonsforyourrefusal;(3)thepossibilityforfuturecooperation.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}You will invite Professor Green to be the guest speaker at the NASHE 2007 annual conference (Beijing, China, 2007. 12.15-12.18). Write a letter of invitation to Professor Green. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points){{/I}}

问答题Directions: Write a letter to some of your schoolmates for a meeting to 1) invite them to the meeting, and 2) tell them what activities will be arranged. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80—100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. 帮助孩子重新振作 孩子得不到帮助，后果可能很严重。根据一次全国性调查，父母离婚或分居的小孩在接下来的3年内比别的小孩更有可能出现健康问题。父母离婚的小孩留级率或停学率可能是别的小孩的两倍，需要咨询的概率很可能比别的小孩多3倍。 仅仅靠时间无法愈合这类精神创伤，这些孩子需要成年人的帮助。下面提供3项策略，是我在为这类有问题的家庭提供咨询时总结出来的： 一、尽早将真相告诉小孩 。我们提出了以下几个办法： 亲自向孩子透露令人沮丧的消息。当孩子意识到自己和他所熟悉并信任的某个人共同分享真相时，他能正确面对几乎任何事。如果有可能，离婚的父母双方在孩子听到他们离婚的消息时都应在场。 如果家庭压力与一个意外事故有关，要说清楚事故的原委。否则，有些孩子会产生无端的负罪感。 如果有较大的突发事件，要小心地解释家庭生活可能会发生的变化。对孩子来说，了解任何事实比不明就里强。 二、鼓励孩子将自己的情绪讲出来，但如果孩子还没准备好，也别强迫他们 。小孩子和成年人一样，也需要谈谈自己的缺憾。你可以用下面几个方法帮他们敞开心扉： 发生悲剧时，首先跟孩子聊聊你自己的感受和烦恼，以便使孩子更容易表达出他们的感受。然后问些能引导进一步讨论的问题。 跟孩子谈话要挑选适当的时机和场合。 如果你无法用言语表达痛苦或担忧，可以考虑给你的孩子写一封信。让孩子理解你的内心感受很重要，这样他们才能更好地理解他们自己的感受。 三、着眼于未来 。我在伊利诺伊州的几个朋友改建了住房。改建工程完成一个星期后，一场大火毁灭了房子，全家人差点儿葬身火海。 过后，父母和孩子们坐下来谈话。“一切都过去了，”母亲说，“以后的生活绝不会跟以前一样，一定会再好起来的。”经过一年的努力，全家人搬进了新居，新房子就建在原先房子的所在地。他们的财产比以前少多了，但是他们感情上变坚强了，决心在生活上翻开新的一页。 当危机袭来时，不健康的家庭会分崩离析，健康的家庭会向前看，重新构建，他们通常会遵照下面的3条基本原则： 做父母的得先治愈自己的创伤。如果父母中的一方或父母双方带头的话，孩子就比较容易从一次较大的家庭挫折中重新振作起来。衣阿华州立大学的一些研究人员在研究中西部450个家庭的青少年受家庭经济困难的影响时发现，家庭经济问题对十几岁少年的影响比其父母对家庭经济问题的反应要小。 把注意力重新放到家庭的价值上。不要哀叹因为你的配偶丢掉了他或她的工作你就再也不能享受某些活动了，不要喋喋不休地谈论毁于一场洪水或火灾的家庭录影集。 让小孩子参与对某些事情的决策，让他们感到自己在做贡献。一年春天，一个有几个小孩的朋友意识到，她那有病的、上了年纪的祖母再也无法自理，将不得不搬到他们那栋3个卧室的简陋房子里。父母立即和7岁的儿子、两岁的女儿讨论这个问题。“我们都必须尽力帮助她。”母亲说，“曾祖母需要一个自己的房间。”她对7岁的儿子说：“你妹妹还在睡婴儿床，所以曾祖母只有睡你的床了。” 这男孩将不得不睡在客厅的沙发床上。“太好了!”男孩说，他为能参与这一重要的家庭决定而感到高兴，“我要让她住我的房间。”老太太搬进来后，孩子们似乎能感受到她的需求，无论什么时候，只要她在场，他们甚至会停止惯常的争吵。 2007年，在做了14年的单身母亲后，我再婚了。这件事并没有给我那3个已成年的儿子带来很大的压力，但这毕竟是一个很大的调整。我耐心地等待着他们对这一重大变化完全适应的迹象。 一天晚上，儿子们晚饭后要一起出去，他们一一跟我吻别道晚安。当他们走近我的丈夫马蒂时，我料想他们要和平时一样依次跟他握手。然而，先是迈克尔，然后是汤姆和蒂姆，走到马蒂跟前，第一次和他拥抱。那个简单动作表明他们完全接受了这个继父和我们新的家庭组合。我自豪地笑了，他们做得很好。他们能处理好他们未来人生道路上的任何问题。为人父母，最感到知足的莫过于此。

问答题Directions:Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"MostAppreciatedGifts."Inyouressay,youshouldinterpretthepictureanddiscusswaysofshowingaffectionfordifferentoccasions,andthengiveyourcommentonsendinghand-writtenletters.

问答题Directions: You will graduate from Peking University this year and have made a decision to study abroad. Write a letter to a U.S. university you want to go to apply for furthering your study for a master"s degree. You should 1) introduce your self, and 2) state the reasons for admission. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Languages will continue to diverge. Even if English were to become the universal language, it would still take many different forms. (46) {{U}}Indeed the same could happen to English as has happened to Chinese: a language of intellectuals which doesn' t vary hugely alongside a large number of variants used by local peoples.{{/U}} We will continue to teach other languages in some form, and not just for reasons of practicality. Learning a language is good for your mental health; it forces you to understand another cultural and intellectual system. So I hope British education will develop a more rational approach to the foreign languages available to students in line with their political importance. Because so many people believe it' s no longer important to know another language, I fear that time devoted to language teaching in schools may well continue to decline. (47) {{U}}But you can argue that learning another language well is more taxing than, say, learning to play chess well—it involves sensitivity to a set of complicated rules, and also to context.{{/U}} Technology will certainly make a difference to the use of foreign languages. (48) {{U}}Computers may, for instance, alleviate the drudgery that a vast translation represents.{{/U}} But no one who has seen a computer translation will think it can substitute for live knowledge of the different languages. A machine will always be behind the times. (49) {{U}}Still more important is the fact that no computer will ever get at the associations beyond the words associations that may not be expressed but which carry much of the meaning.{{/U}} In languages like Arabic that context is very important. Languages come with heavy cultural baggage too--in French or German if you miss the cultural references behind a word you' re very likely to be missing the meaning. It will be very hard to teach all that to a computer. (50) {{U}}All the predictions are that English will be spoken by a declining proportion of the world' s population in the 21st century.{{/U}} I don't think foreign languages will really become less important, but they might be perceived to be—and that would in the end be a very bad thing.

问答题 Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should: 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) offer your suggestion (s). You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Opinion polls are now beginning to show that whoever is to blame, and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to threat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has Been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. 46){{U}}The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought max have to be reversed{{/U}}. This seems a daunting(令人气馁的)thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has no meant economic freedom. 47){{U}}Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and the 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves{{/U}}. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. 48){{U}}Later t as transport improved, first by rail and then by boat, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived{{/U}}. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. 49){{U}}As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded-a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives{{/U}}. All this may now have to change. 50){{U}}The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs{{/U}}.