问答题 Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. {{U}}(46)But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease.{{/U}} From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (47){{U}}Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed.{{/U}} By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (48){{U}} The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population .{{/U}} Between 1960 and 1995, the U. S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300% . (49){{U}}There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago.{{/U}} U. S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990. (50){{U}}Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight yeas by the year 2050, some exerts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years.{{/U}} With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题Directions:Title: Beijing To Host 2008 Olympic GamesOutline:1. Beijing submitted applications to the International Olympic Committee.2. Why does Beijing want to host 2008 Olympic Games?3. Beijing should make further effort.You should write about 160 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Winston Churchill, who fought on the Afghan border in 1897. warned of the dangers of peacekeeping among the Pathans, and of mixing politics and war (46) "Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation enjoins a temporary pause, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fort...with battlements, turrets [and] drawbridges` Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its hate; every clan. its feud. "The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid...(47)The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water are fertile en0ught9 yield with little labour the material requirements of a small population. "Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the breech-loading rifle and the British government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second a continuous trouble. The convenience of the breech-loading, and still more of the magazine rifle, was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. (48) A weapon which would kill with accuracy au fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new scene of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbour nearly a mile away... "The action of the British government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organising, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a' monstrous spoil-sport. "No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come. had a fight and then gone away again...But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys...All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another. and, above all, not m shoot at travellers along the road. (49)It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source. "The Political Officers who accompanied the force...were very unpopular with the army officers... (50)They were accused of the severe crime of 'shilly-shallying', which being interpreted means doing everything you possibly can before you shoot. We had with us a very brilliant political officer...who was much disliked because he always stopped military operations. Just when we were looking forward to having a splendid fight and all-the guns were loaded and everyone keyed up, [he] would come along and put a stop to it./

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. In reading the pages of American Scientist, I have been struck by the stunning progress being made in science and engineering, new phenomena discovered, new materials synthesized, new methods developed. (46){{U}} What I see behind many of these exciting stories is the widespread and even revolutionary use of distributed intelligence that is made possible by the "wiring" of the scientific community.{{/U}} It is more than a time saver or a communication enhance; it is enabling us to think in new ways and its impact on society may be monumental. The term "information age" probably does not do justice to the possibilities of this emerging era. (47) {{U}}This is an age of "knowledge and distributed intelligence", in which knowledge is available to anyone, located anywhere, at any time; and in which power, information, and control are moving from centralized systems to individuals. {{/U}}This era calls for a new form of leadership and vision from the academic science and engineering community. We know from countless examples that the academic science and the engineering have enabled our society to make the most of new technologies. We wouldn't have today's advanced computer graphics systems if mathematicians hadn't been able to solve problems related to surface geometry. (48) {{U}}We wouldn't have networks capable of handling massive amounts of data if physicists and astronomers hadn't continuously forged tools to look more deeply into subatomic structures and the cosmos.{{/U}} Chemists' efforts to simulate complex phenomena and predict the properties of many electron systems have inspired massively parallel architectures for computing. And the information made available by the sequencing of the human genome has caused us to rethink how to store, manipulate, and retrieve data most effectively. (49){{U}} It will take new insights from studies of human cognition, linguistics, neurobiology, computing, and more to develop systems that truly augment our capacity to learn and create.{{/U}} The best may be yet to come. Despite brutally tight constraints on federal discretionary spending, President Clinton has stepped forward to champion a 3 percent increase (uncorrected for inflation) in the national 1998 budget. The president's request is only the first step in the congressional budget process ahead. (50) {{U}}Given that the priorities of Congress will almost certainly differ from those of the president, it will take an unprecedented level of input and commitment from the research community to ensure the investments in science and engineering.{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.{{/I}}

问答题Green space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. 1 At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the basis of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of green space in the urban environment is a first step on the right way. 2 This does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of green space in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of green space facilities. 3 The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home. 4 We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street door of the house. 5 The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative _aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.

问答题Directions : You are Li Ming, chairman of the History Department. You want to invite Professor Swift, a scholar of Chinese history, to attend an international conference on Chinese history. Write him a letter to 1) invite him to attend the meeting and 2) ask him to make a speech during the conference. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are a visitor. When you were in Shanghai, you got a help from Li Qiang. Write a letter to him to express your gratitude. Your letter should include: 1) State your experience and your purpose. 2) Explain your feelings and expressions. 3) Express your thanks. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} A small but expanding American company requires three flexible Chinese office workers who speak English well enough to fill the roles in sales. Write an application for the post, and your letter should consist of: 1) educational background, 2) personal competence, 3) expected interview time. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words.B.Youressayshouldcovertheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:(1)interpretthegraph;(2)givethepossiblecausesforthechange;(3)yourcomments.

问答题{{B}}Directions：{{/B}} You have received an invitation to the birthday party of your friend, Torn. But you can't attend it. Write a letter to Tom to 1) thank him for the invitation, 2) give reasons why you can't go, 3) apologize and express your wishes. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered "striking" differences between men and women in a part of the brain linked with ability to estimate time, judge speed, visualize things three-dimensionally and solve mathematical problems. 47)The differences, the researchers say, may underlie well-known trends that vary by sex, such as the fact that more men than women are architects, mathematicians and race-car drivers. In a study reported this week in the Journal Cerebral Cortex, the researchers show that a brain region called the inferior parietal lobule is significantly larger overall in men than in women. The area is part of the cerebral cortex and appears on both sides of the brain just above ear-level. Also, there's a symmetry difference, with men having a larger left IPL than right. 48) In women in the study, it's the right IPL that's somewhat larger, though the difference between the two sides of the brain is less obvious than in men, says psychiatrist Godfrey Pearlson, M. D. who headed the project. Researchers also compared IPL volumes on the left and the right sides of the brain. After allowances for men's larger overall head and brain size, men had roughly 6 percent more IPL tissue than women. "The inferior parietal lobule is far more developed in people than in animals and has evolved relatively recently, "says Pearlson. 49)It allows the brain to process information from senses such as vision and touch, and enables the sort of thinking involved in selective attention and perception. Studies link the right IPL with a working memory of spatial relationships, the ability to sense relationships between body parts and awareness of a person's own affect or feelings. The left IPL, Pearlson says, is more involved in perception, such as judging how fast something is moving, estimating time and having the ability to mentally rotate 3-D figures. "To say this means men are automatically better at some things than women is a simplification, "says Pearlson. "It's easy to find women who are fantastic at math and physics and men who excel in language skills. Only when we look at very large populations and look for slight but significant trends do we see the generalizations. 50) There are plenty of exceptions, but there's also a grain of truth, revealed through the brain structure, that we think underlies some of the ways people characterize the sexes."

问答题Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith ( 1875 - 1948 ). (46) Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera's possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. (47) By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot. Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. (48) Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space. Besides developing the cinema's language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. (49) His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith's introduction of the American- made multi-reel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historic philosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour's running time. (50) From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a little ridiculous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.