问答题According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 46)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 47)"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 48)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were unable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. 49)Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. 50)Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthechangesofpeople'sdailyexpensesinXcity.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethechanges,2)analysethereasonsandgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.

问答题 What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between "things" was already clear? (46) {{U}}We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment.{{/U}} Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? (47) {{U}}What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data.{{/U}} As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. (48) {{U}}The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times.{{/U}} In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. (49) {{U}}The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, and it' would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding.{{/U}} Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. (50) {{U}}If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare arid the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state.{{/U}} Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.

问答题 Directions: Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "Cars: Should We Love Them or Hate Them?" In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture; (2) interpret its meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon, You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are an English teacher and you intend to work part-time during your vocation. Write a letter of application for a post you would like. Your letter should include: 1) Telling how you learned the news and show your desire to get the position. 2) Describe your education background and working experience. 3) Express your wish to have an interview opportunity. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题The term "Ice Age" may give a wrong impression. (46) The epoch that spanned the 1.5 to 2.0 million years prior to the current geologic epoch was not one long continuous process, but a period of fluctuating climate with ice advances interrupted by times of climate not very different from the climate experienced now. Ice sheets that derived from an ice cap centered on northern Scandinavia reached southward to Central Europe. And beyond the margins of the ice sheets, climatic oscillations affected most of the rest of the world; for example, in the deserts, periods of wetter conditions (pluvials) contrasted with drier, interpluvial periods. (47) Although the time involved is so short, about 0.04 percent of the total age of the Earth, the amount of attention devoted has been incredibly large, probably because of its immediacy, and because the epoch largely coincides with the appearance on Earth of humans and their immediate ancestors. There is no reliable way of dating much of the Ice Age. Geological dates are usually obtained by using the rates of decay of various radioactive elements found in minerals. Some of these rates are suitable for very old rocks but involve increasing errors when used for young rocks; others are suitable for every young rocks and errors increase rapidly in older rocks. Most of the Ice Age spans a period of time for which no element has as appropriate decay rate. (48) Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch (更新世)have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of such geological events. For example, an early classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence there of four glaciations. (49) This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to these periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in ice beds. Yet this succession was forced willy-nilly onto the glaciated parts of Northern Europe, where there are partial successions of true glacial ground moraines and interglacial deposits, with hopes of ultimately piecing them together to provide a complete Pleistocene succession. Eradication of the Alpine nomenclature is still proving a Herculean task. There is no conclusive evidence about the relative length, complexity, and temperatures of the various glacial and interglacial periods. We do not know whether we live in a postglacial period or an interglacial period. The chill truth seems to be that we are already past the optimum climate of postglacial time. (50) Studies of certain fossil distributions and of certain temperate plants suggest decreases of a degree or two in both summer and winter temperatures and, therefore, that we may be in the declining climatic phase leading to the Ice Age and extinction.

问答题Directions: Your friend Xiao Wen failed the job interview of a large enterprise. Write a letter to her with the following information. 1) words of comforting; 2) encouragement; and 3) your advice. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thechartbelowshowsthechangesofconsumerindexinacertaincountryfrom1930to1980.Studythechartcarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethetrendofconsumptionasrevealedinthechart,2)explainthepossiblereasonunderliningthistrend,and3)giveyourcomment.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonAnswerSheetⅡ.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)putforwardyouradvice(s).YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

问答题Directions:Title: ExaminationOutline:1. People's attitude toward examinations varies from person to person.2. As far as students and teachers are concerned, examinations are meaningful.3. In a word, the advantages of examinations outweigh the disadvantages.You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American. The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46){{U}}The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation.{{/U}} A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47){{U}}These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk.{{/U}} Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population. (48){{U}}While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk.{{/U}} (49){{U}}It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births.{{/U}} In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50){{U}}One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Seat occupation has become a common phenomenon in your university. The library management has taken some measures to stop it, but in vain. Please write to the university authorities, stating the phenomenon and making some suggestion(s). You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You bought a MP3 at an eshop. When it was delivered to you, you found it was of poor quality and disaccorded with the ads they published. Writer a letter to the principle of relevant department to: 1) Describe the detailed information about the MP3; 2) Suggest your solution(s) You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly.2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.