问答题 Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 46){{U}}Actually, it isn't because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.{{/U}} On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47){{U}}Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.{{/U}} Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 48){{U}}It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.{{/U}} This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 49){{U}}Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.{{/U}} Any regard for the suffering of animals is seem as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 50){{U}}When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Zhang Li is a classmate of yours. He suffered from a serious illness. Write a letter to 1) call on the students to help Zhang Li and 2) tell them how to help Zhang Li. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don' t have to write the address.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "James" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题 Directions: You are a resident living in an urban district Write a letter to the director who is in charge of the estate management, complaining that some people let their dogs run in the lawn, caulking danger and noise to the dwellers in the neighborhoocL Ask him to help stopping this practice. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Having finished his end-of-term exams, a university student has gone straight home without saying good bye to his roommate. Write a letter explaining the situation to the latter, and invite him home during the vacation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. When the Vikings invaded Great Britain, they did more than slaughter the population, ransack the cities and scorch the earth. They also left substantial influence on the English language words like slaughter, ransack and scorch. (46){{U}}Now, a single word in an ancient manuscript has led a U. S. linguist to conclude that the influence of the Norse on the English language may have come as much as a century earlier than most scholars had thought.{{/U}} The find came when English professor Jonathan Evans of the University of Georgia was reading a passage to his Old English class from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a Norse word, theora, jumped out at him. The 1122 text, according to generations of scholars, was supposed to be too early to contain evidence of Danish influence on Old English. (47){{U}}But the fact that the text used the Nordic form of "their" rather than the Old English hiera or heora, suggested that Norsemen and their English hosts were not only living side-by-side in England's East Midlands but also were in "frequent, peaceful communication", Evans contends.{{/U}} "I thought I had made a mistake," when he first saw the word, he said. "There it was, sitting there in plain sight. Nobody saw this Danish word sitting there. I kept it quiet because I thought I made a mistake." But he was urged to investigate by a visiting Danish scholar, Hans Nielsen. (48){{U}}So Evans spent several years pursuing a hunch that a Roman Catholic monk slipped into the local dialect while copying out the ancient historical work for his monastery.{{/U}} If so, that suggests to Evans that Norse and West-Saxon dialects of Old English had mingled significantly by the 12th century if not earlier. The result of Evans' research is a paper, recently published in the journal North-Western European Language Evolution. (49){{U}}His paper puts forth the theory that the monk's use of the Norse word is the first datable example in English of Scandinavian-derived plural pronouns, antecedents of the modern English words they, them, and their.{{/U}} (50){{U}}" This is a footnote in a much more well-known story—the story of Scandinavian borrowings in the English language." said Evans, who can read texts in Danish, French, Old English and Old Icelandic.{{/U}} "It's going to be interesting to see how other scholars view this discovery but I think I've made my case for it."

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepicturebriefly,2)deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture,and3)suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. (1) By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. (2) Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message. (3) Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop's Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings. Aesop's fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example, one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. (4) The fable's lesson, that we often play down that which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche. (5) The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop's fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.

问答题The clue lies in the Japanese name that has been adopted for them around the world: tsunami. (46) Formed from the characters for harbour and wave, and commemorated in the 19th-century woodblock print by Hokusai that decorates so many books and articles about the subject, the word shows that these sudden, devastating waves have mainly in the past occurred in the Pacific Ocean, ringed as it is by volcanoes and earthquake zones. Thanks to one tsunami in 1946 that killed 165 people, mainly in Hawaii, the countries around the Pacific have shared a tsunami warning centre ever since. (47) Those around the Indian Ocean have no such centre, being lucky enough not to have suffered many big tsunamis before and unlucky enough not to count the world's two biggest and most technologically advanced economies, the United States and Japan, among their number. So when, on December 26th, the world's strongest earthquake in 40 years shook the region, with its epicenter under the sea near the northernmost tip of the Indonesian archipelago, there was no established mechanism to pass warnings to the countries around the ocean's shores. There would have been between 90 and 150 minutes in which to broadcast warnings by radio, television and loudspeaker in the areas most affected, the Indonesian province of Aceh, Sri Lanka and the Indian chain of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. (48) Had such warnings been broadcast then many of the tens of thousands of lives lost would have been saved. (49) How many, nobody can know, for the task of evacuation would have been far from easy in many of these crowded, poor and low-lying coastal communities. Equally, though, it will probably never be known exactly how many people have died. (50) Whereas in many disasters the initial estimates of fatalities prove too high, the opposite is occurring in this case.

问答题 Directions: You got an invitation to take part in a party. Write a declining letter which should include: 1) the purpose of writing this letter; 2) the reasons for your absence; 3) your good wishes to the participants. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But a growing number of studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. 1 Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, Progress in Brain Research. Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer"s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. 2 But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. "It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing," said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. "It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind." For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults who are 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. 3 Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. 4 When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students. "For the young people, it"s as if the distraction never happened," said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. "But for older adults, because they"ve retained all this extra data they"re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they"ve soaked up from one situation to another." 5 Such tendencies can yield big advantages in the real world where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others, yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker"s real impact.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on' ANSWER SHEET 2. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple roles will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. 46) {{U}}Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.{{/U}} He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we am all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. 47) {{U}}If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary, to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do{{/U}}. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. 48) {{U}}The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies{{/U}}. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. 49) {{U}}This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not, subject to the same limitations of time and space{{/U}}. Mahatma Gandhi considered it unfortunate to have railways and steam- boats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. 50) {{U}}But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them{{/U}}. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

问答题Directions: Your classmate Zhang He"s father was killed in a bad traffic accident. On behalf of your entire class, you will write a letter to: 1) express your grief and sympathy, 2) say a few words of encouragement, and 3) offer your assistance. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题1) ask for some information about whether you should join some clubs or not 2) show your desire for joining clubs and expect to get some details about membership requirements 3) and hope to receive the reply You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Not many industries are doing well in the recession. But along with discount retailers and pawnbrokers, online-dating sites such as eHarmony, corn and OkCupid. com have seen business look up. There are several theories to explain why. 46． {{U}}It may be that people have more time to devote to their private lives as the economy slows; that uncertain times increase the desire for companionship; or that living alone is expensive, whereas couples can split many of their costs.{{/U}} "People who have been single for years are suddenly focused on finding someone," says Greg Waldorf, the boss of eHarmony, a wholesome marriage-oriented site with more than 20m paying subscribers. 47．{{U}}He favours the companionship-in-hard-times theory: "Going through difficult times with someone special is better than doing it alone. " {{/U}}In a recent survey carried out for his company, 25% of women said stress about the state of the economy made them more inclined to seek a long-term relationship. The company also noticed that the number of visits to its website was higher than average on days when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by more than 100 points. At OkCupid, which is aimed at a more casual, youthful crowd, there has been a jump in membership since the financial crisis set in, and an even bigger jump in how often members use the site. Back in September, users were sending 6,000 on-site instant messages a day, says Sam Yagan, OkCupid's boss. Now that number is over 18,000．48．{{U}}OkCupid has the advantage of being free, which has proved popular with people looking for partners for what Mr. Yagan euphemistically calls "cheap entertainment". {{/U}}After all, if you have a girlfriend or a boyfriend, he says, "you can just play Scrabble instead of going out for the evening. " 49．{{U}}But perhaps the boom is the result of neither a nesting instinct, nor a desire to save money.{{/U}} AshleyMadison. corn, a very different type of dating site, is also doing well. Instead of arranging marriages, the subscription-based site arranges affairs-and never before have so many people been looking for a bit on the side. Ashley Madison's boss, Noel Biderman, thinks his site, and others, are prospering for another reason: money problems. "The majority of relationship discord stems from economic troubles," he says. 50．{{U}}Instead of fighting, married people are taking stock of their lives. "They want to do something that makes them{{/U}} feel better about themselves," Mr Biderman says, "and $ 49 is a tiny expenditure for a life- altering affair. "

问答题Looking at how far we'll be able to fund the Health Service in the 21st century raises any number of thorny issues. (46)Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatments from the NHS, charging for certain drugs and services, and developing voluntary or compulsory health insurance schemes. Compared to its European Union counterparts Britain operates a low-cost health system: we spend about 7 per cent of GDP on health, compared with 9 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in France and Germany. In terms of health outcomes versus spend, we compare pretty favourably. I don't see private health care providing much of the solution to current problems. (47) More likely is a shift from universal health coverage to top-up schemes which give people basic health entitlements but require them to finance other treatment through private financing, or opt-out schemes which use tax relief to encourage individuals to make private provision. Neither is close to being implemented, but the future could see a deliberate shift of attention to voluntary health .insurance and an emphasis on social insurance. (48) I expect individuals to take greater responsibility for their personal health using technology that allows self-diagnosis followed by self-treatment or home care. Even so, higher taxes will plainly be needed to fund health care. (49) I think we'll eventually see larger NHS charges, more rationing of medical services and restrictions on certain procedures without proven outcomes. Stricter eligibility criteria for certain treatments are another possibility. All such options would mean a sharp break with tradition and political fall-out that could be extremely damaging. (50) None of them is going to win votes for the political party desperate enough to introduce them but then nobody is going to vote for ill-health or an early death either.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethepicture2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are preparing for National Entrance Examination for Postgraduates and are in need of some reference books for English. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: (1) detailed information about the books you want; (2) methods of payment; (3) time and means of delivery. You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Hua" instead. You do not need to write the address.