问答题Directions: You have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to give him some advice on which major to choose: history, in which he is interested in or computer science, which indicates better job prospects. Write a letter with no less than 100 words to tell him your opinion and explain the reasons. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题 Directions: Suppose you are an English teacher and you intend to work part-time during your vocation. Write a letter of application for a post you would like. Your letter should include: 1) Telling how you learned the news and show your desire to get the position. 2) Describe your education background and working experience. 3) Express your wish to have an interview opportunity. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1)describethecartoon,pointoutthemessageconveyed;2)giveyourcomment.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题 We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two aspects of science. The first of which is the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves that structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment. 46){{U}}The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.{{/U}} 47){{U}}Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.{{/U}} The process of careful observation, perception of a pattern in the phenomena observed, followed by exploitation of this knowledge, has largely inspired the area of human activity known as "science". 48){{U}}It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: objective observation and description of some phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them, the use of these to predict future events, the verification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity.{{/U}} While this process still underlies most scientific activity, the classic "scientific method" has been criticized from a variety of perspectives. 49){{U}}To begin with, it is apparent that the "objectivity" of science and scientists strictly characterizes only the lowest order of scientific activity—observation, and even here it is doubtful whether anyone can be a truly impartial observer of events.{{/U}} What someone chooses to observe and the way one observes it must, after all, in part be a reflection of experience and of ideas as to what is significant. Consider, for example, the different ways in which an artist and a layman look at a painting and the different reactions they have to the same work. The construction of hypotheses and theories reflects the scientist's interpretation of what he or she has observed even more clearly than observation. At this stage of the scientific method, an element of subjectivity is inevitably present. This can most easily be seen in the extreme case of scientists of truly creative genius. Galileo, for instance, challenged the scientists (and the church) of his day with his hypothesis that the earth revolved around the sun. A twentieth century example is Watson and Click's discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. 50){{U}}Clearly, science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study.{{/U}}

问答题As a part of the service industry, ecotourism promotes what Alan During, in his important book How Much is Enough!, calls the "shift from material to non-material ends". (1) This shift is the only viable way in which human demands made on the environment will not overrun the carrying capacity of the planet. Ecotourism is in fundamental opposition to consumption as a means to fulfillment; rather, the sense of place, the excitement of experience, and the opportunity of learning become the overriding products "sold" to ecotourists. (2) These ecotourism "products" are based upon preserving and protecting the original cultures and environments, not upon transforming them into some Disney-land-like fantasy-world. Increasingly, a conservation ethic and a viable process of development have emerged from the ecotourism movement, or perhaps vice versa. The ecotourism ethic has been defined by the Ecotourism Society to mean: "responsible travel that conserves the natural environs and sustains the well-being of local people. (3) Ecotourism offers travelers the means to assist personally and locally in the conservation of threatened environments and to support communities directly that are seeking viable economic alternatives to end cycles of poverty and environmental destruction." This non-profit organization is working to raise public support for implementing ecotourism principles and practices around the world. (4) The concerted effort by policy makers, businesses, recreation managers and organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund and Conservation International to make ecotourism a mainstream practice is promising. We in the Western industrialized nations have an incredible opportunity for restorative and regenerative change through ecotourism. There seems to be little doubt that tourism will continue to grow. The most important question remains: Will it be ecologically responsible and sustainable? (5) The responsibility clearly rests with ourselves to care for an environmental and cultural diversity which historically we have used merely to serve our needs—and our needs only. Ecotourism, as a model, process and ethic, offers an opportunity to put respect for our earth into practice in a way that all people can enjoy its beauty and benefits.

问答题Directions: You have promised to go to the cinema with one of your friends, Susan, For some reasons, you can"t keep the appointment, but she has already bought the tickets. Write a letter to ·express your apology, ·explain your reasons, ·suggest a meeting at another time. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} You are a college graduate and try to .find a job in a joint venture, You find from an advertisement that there is a company that suits you very well. Write a letter of application based on the following outline:{{/I}} 1) a brief information about yourself; 2) your ability to take the job; 3) other necessary introduction. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Li Ming" instead You do not need to write the address.

问答题 Much has been made of the 400th anniversary this year of Galileo pointing a telescope at the moon and jotting down what he saw. But 2009 is also the 400th anniversary of the publication by Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, of "Astronomia Nova". {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}This was a book that contained an account of his discovery of how the planets move around the sun, correcting Copernicus's own more famous but incorrectly formulated description of the solar system.{{/U}} And it established the laws for planetary motion on which Isaac Newton based his work. Four centuries ago the received wisdom was that of Aristotle, who asserted that the Earth was the centre of the universe, and that it was encircled by the spheres of the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars beyond them. Copernicus had noticed inconsistencies in this theory and had placed the san at the centre, with the Earth and the other planets travelling around the sun. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Some six decades later when Kepler tackled the motion of Mars, he proposed a number of geometric models, checking his results against the position of the planet as recorded by his boss{{/U}}. Kepler repeatedly found that his model failed to predict the correct position of the planet. He altered it and, in so doing, created first egg-shaped "orbits" and, finally, an ellipse (椭圆) with the sun placed at one focus. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Kepler went on to show that an elliptical orbit is sufficient to explain the movement of the other planets and to devise the laws of planetary, motion that Newton built on.{{/U}} A.E.L. Davis this week told astronomers and historians that it was the rotation of the sun that provide Kepler with what he thought was one of the causes of the planetary motion that his laws described, although his reasoning would today be considered entirely wrong. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}In 1609 astronomy and astrology were seen as intimately related; mathematics and natural philosophy, meanwhile, were quite separate areas of endeavor; however, Kepler sought physical mechanisms to explain his mathematical result.{{/U}} He wanted to know how it could be that the planets orbited the sun. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Once he learned that the sun rotated, he comforted himself with the thought that the sun's rays must somehow sweep the planets around it while some magnetism accounted for the exact elliptical path.{{/U}} As today's astronomers struggle to determine whether they can learn from the past, Kepler's tale provides a salutary reminder that only some explanations stand the test of time.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Nowadays, the Americans frequently read newspaper articles about violent crimes, see rages of inhumanity on the evening news, and hear sound bites on the radio describing cruelty and intolerance. (46) {{U}}We worry, particularly, about the effects on our children of our own society, a society that is less safe and less hospitable than the one we experienced as children growing up during the 1950's and 1960's.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}In many school districts throughout America, there is already compelling evidence that adolescents have been affected negatively by changing social conditions, including by what many American believe to be a decline of basic human values.{{/U}} Parents and teachers must contend often with adolescent aggression, profanity, and disrespect. Some students display antagonistic attitudes and behave inappropriately. Some students are insensitive and unkind to their classmates, discourteous to adults, and quick to express their anger by raising their voices or using profanity. It is the responsibility of parents to teach their children to be polite, courteous, and forbearing. (48) {{U}}It is one of parents' most fundamental responsibilities to impart to their children the values of integrity, decency, and respect for others; teachers and school administrators should never become, however, ethical bystanders.{{/U}} If we wish to realize our educational philosophy not only to educate our students but also to encourage them to accept the innate worth of every human being, we must not surrender the ideal of maintaining a moral community at our school, where all people have an obligation to be polite and tolerant of individual differences. (49) {{U}}Some individuals believe that school personnel should not interfere with the behavior of students unless it is directly related to learning or affects the safety of individuals who are inside the school building or somewhere on campus.{{/U}} But good teachers and administrators do teach values--not personal, private values but common values of courtesy, mutual respect, persistence, responsibility, and self-reliance. (50) {{U}}Ideally, educators affirming socially-responsible values taught at home by parents and demanding appropriate vocabulary and good manners from their students should have been valued as competent and successful educators.{{/U}} They should remind the students of saying" please" and" thank you" and remind them of not interrupting when others are speaking. It is very much the responsibility of teachers and administrators to promote our school's traditions of proper behavior and good sportsmanship. Therefore, school educators should be judged by the moral and ethical climate of their school. All the academic improvements of the school notwithstanding, no teachers should be considered successful educators unless their students graduated not only as successful learners but also as ladies and gentlemen.

问答题Directions: You get the information from the newspaper that ×× company is employing an English interpreter. You should write an letter for the job. Your personal information is as follows: 1) Age, 30; height, 1.80m; health condition, well; hobbies, swimming, singing, dancing. 2) Resume: graduated from Peking University in 1994, worked in Nantong Middle School. 3) Specialty: good at English, especially spoken English, translated many Chinese books into English, understand Japanese. Tel: 3654731 You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (46) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments .could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (47) Costs may even fall as diseases 'are brought under control using pinpointed, short-term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (48) The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U.S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (49) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37, 000 in 1990. (50) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120. years. With continuing

问答题Directions: Write a letter to apply for a part-time job in a local English training school. In the letter you should include the following items: 1) the position you are to apply for, 2) your experience and related ability, 3) asking about related information about the job. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words.B.Youressaymustcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:(1)interpretthegraph;(2)givethepossiblecausesforthechange;(3)yourcomments.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanarticleon"remedial"classesinschools.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethepicture,interpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You want to recommend Mr. Collins to Professor Smith to find a position for the former. Write a letter based on the following outline: 1) Personal information about Mr. Collins curriculum vitae, personality, job capabilities etc., 2) Your sincere hope. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. There's a human liver sitting in a lab dish in Madison, Wis. Also a heart, a brain and every bone in the human body even though the contents of the dish are a few cells too small to be seen without a microscope. But these are stem cells, the most immature human cells ever discovered, taken from embryos before they had decided upon their career path in the body. (46){{U}} If scientists could only figure out how to give them just the right kick in just the right direction, each could become a liver, a heart, a brain or a bone.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}When a team from the University of Wisconsin announced their discovery, doctors around the world looked forward to a new era of medicine one without organ-donor shortages or the tissues-rejection problems that bedevil transplant patients today.{{/U}} Doctors also saw obstacles, though. One of them was a U. S. Congress skittish about research on stem cells taken from unwanted human embryos and aborted fetuses. Indeed, 70 lawmakers asked in a firmly worded letter that the Federal Government ban all such work. Yet the era of "grow your own" organs is already upon us, as researchers have sidestepped the stem cell controversy by making clever use of ordinary cells. Today a machinist in Massachusetts is using his own cells to grow a new thumb after he lost part of his chest wall in an accident. A teenager born without half of his chest wall is growing a new cage of bone and cartilage within his chest cavity. Scientists announced that bladders, grown from bladder cells in a lab, have been implanted in dogs and are working. Meanwhile, patches of skin, the first "tissue-engineered" organ to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, are healing sores and skin ulcers on hundreds of patients across the U. S. How have scientists managed to do all this without those protean stem cells? Part of the answer is smart engineering. (48) {{U}}Using materials such as polymers with pores no wider than a toothbrush bristle, researchers have learned to sculpt scaffolds in shapes into which cells can settle.{{/U}} The other part of the answer is just plain cell biology. (49){{U}} Scientists have discovered that they don't have to teach old cells new tricks; given the right framework and the right nutrients, cells will organize themselves into real tissues as the scaffolds dissolve. {{/U}}"I'm a great believer in the cells. They're not just lying there, looking stupidly at each other," says Francois Auger, an infectious disease specialist and builder of artificial blood vessels at Laval University in Quebec City. "They will do the work for you if you treat them right." Replacement hearts—or even replacement heart parts—are at least a decade off, estimates Kiki Hellman, who monitors tissue-engineering efforts for the FDA. "Any problem that requires lots of cell types 'talking' to one another is really hard," she notes. Bone and cartilage efforts are much closer to fruition, and could be ready for human trials within two years. (50) {{U}}And what of those magical stem cells that can grow into any organ you happen to need—if the law and biologists' knowledge permit?{{/U}} "Using them," says Sefton, "is really the Holy Grail."

问答题Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self- consciously and distinctively "Southern"--the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. (47) The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic. What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. (48) Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Northern colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences. (49) However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of America. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan (Northern) colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern--acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models--was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. (50) Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Northern colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the last Colonial period.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are supposed to put forward some rules for job-seekers and you may offer your suggestions in terms of the following points: 1) appearance, 2) ability and knowledge, and 3) confidence. You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题Clinical depression is a serious ailment, but almost everyone gets mildly depressed from time to time. Randolph Nesse, a psychologist and researcher in evolutionary medicine at the University of Michigan, likens the relationship between mild and clinical depression to the one between normal and chronic pain. (46)He sees both pain and low mood as warning mechanisms and thinks that, just as understanding chronic pain means first understanding normal pain, so understanding clinical depression means understanding mild depression. Dr. Nesse’s hypothesis is that, as pain stops you doing damaging physical things, so low mood stops you doing damaging mental ones — in particular, pursuing unreachable goals. Pursuing such goals is a waste of energy and resources. (47)Therefore, he argues, there is likely to be an evolved mechanism that identifies certain goals as unattainable and inhibits their pursuit — and he believes that low mood is at least part of that mechanism. It is a neat hypothesis, but is it true？A study published in this month’s issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggests it might be. Carsten Wrosch from Concordia University in Montreal and Gregory Miller of the University of British Columbia studied depression in teenage girls. Their conclusion was that those who experienced mild depressive symptoms could, indeed, disengage more easily from unreachable goals. That supports Dr. Nesse’s hypothesis. (48)But the new study also found a remarkable corollary: those girls who could disengage from the unattainable proved less likely to suffer more serious depression in the long run. Mild depressive symptoms can therefore be seen as a natural part of dealing with failure in young adulthood. (49)They set in when a goal is identified as unreachable and lead to a decline in motivation, and in this period of low motivation, energy is saved and new goals can be found. If this mechanism does not function properly, though, severe depression can be the consequence. Dr. Nesse believes that persistence is a reason for the exceptional level of clinical depression in America— the country that has the highest depression rate-in the world. (50)”Persistence is part of the American way of life, ” he says. “People here are often driven to pursue overly ambitious goals, which then can lead to depression. ” He admits that this is still an unproven hypothesis, but it is one worth considering. Depression may turn out to he an inevitable price of living in a dynamic society.