问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at till end of the letter. Use “Jordan” instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题Directions:StudythepicturescarefullyandwriteacompositionentitledTheIncreasingUseofPrivateCarsinChina.Baseyouressayontheoutlinegivenbelow:1.showyourunderstandingofthepictures,2.presentpossiblereasonsforthephenomenon,and3.drawaconclusion.Youshouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题We maintain that in general a focus on positive information benefits well-being. However, there are probably conditions when a chronic tendency to focus on positive material is maladaptive. One such context, we presumed, is decision making, especially when options include both positive and negative features. (46) When making decisions, negative features of options often have higher diagnostic value. If a person who is deciding whether to renew a health care plan remembers that she likes her physician but forgets that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs, a suboptimal decision could be made. (47) Corinna and I designed another study with two primary aims: to see whether in a decision context older people would review positive features of options more than negative features; and if this was the case, to see if we could eliminate the effect by modifying goals with instructions. (48) Using computer-based decision scenarios, 60 older and 60 younger adults were presented with positive, negative, and neutral information about ostensible health care options. Some scenarios presented characteristics of physicians. Others presented features of health care plans. The information was hidden behind colored squares, and participants had to click on the square to see the information. They were told that positive information was behind white squares and negative information was behind black squares. We then observed how often participants examined the positive information versus the negative information. Later we tested their memory for the information. As we predicted, older adults reviewed and recalled a greater proportion of positive information than did younger adults. Most important, participants in one group were repeatedly reminded to "focus on the facts" and in this group the preference for positive information disappeared. Human need is the basis for virtually all of science. If we rise to the challenge of an aging population by systematically applying science and technology to questions that improve quality of life in adulthood and old age, longer-lived populations will inspire breakthroughs in the social, physical, and biological sciences that will improve the quality of life at all ages. (49) Longevity science will reveal ways to improve learning from birth to advanced ages and to deter age related slowing in cognitive procession. Longevity science will draw enormously on insights about individuals' genomic predispositions and the environmental conditions that trigger the onset of disease. (50) Longevity science will help us understand how stress slowly but surely affects health. Most of the challenges of longer-lived populations will require interdisciplinary collaborations. Psychological science must be a part of this process.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethecartoon,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题For the first time in decades, doctors have begun making major changes in the treatment of lung cancer, based on research proving that chemotherapy can significantly lengthen life for many patients for whom it was previously thought to be useless. The shift in care applies to about 50,000 people a year in the United States who have early cases of the most common form of the disease, non-small-cell lung cancer, and whose tumors are removed by surgery. (46) Many of these patients, who just a few years ago would have been treated with surgery alone, are now being given chemotherapy as well, just as it is routinely given after surgery for breast or colon (结肠)cancer. The new approach has brightened a picture that was often bleak. "The benefit is at least as good, and maybe better than in the other cancers," said Dr. John Minna, a lung cancer expert and research director at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He said new discoveries were helping to eliminate doctors' "nihilistic" attitudes about chemotherapy for lung cancer. "The standard of care has changed," said Dr. Christopher G. Azzoli, a lung cancer specialist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. (47) A major impetus for the change came a year ago, when two studies presented at a cancer conference showed marked increases in survival in patients who received adjuvant (辅助的)chemotherapy, meaning the drugs were given after surgery. In one study of 482 patients in Canada and the United States, led by Dr. Timothy Winton, a surgeon from the University of Alberta, 69 percent of patients who had surgery and chemotherapy were still alive five years later, as compared with 54 percent who had just surgery. The patients were given a combination of two drugs, cisplatin and vinorelbine, once a week for 16 weeks. In the world of lung cancer research, a survival difference of 15 percentage points is enormous. (48) Overall, the patients given chemotherapy lived 94 months, versus 73 months in those who had only surgery--also a huge difference in a field in which a treatment is hailed as a success if it gives patients even three or four extra months. A second study, also announced at the conference last year, had similar findings, and so did a third, presented just a month ago at the annual meeting of the same cancer group, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, At major medical centers, doctors quickly began to put the results into practice. (49) "The findings were so stunning from these studies a year ago that they began to change the standard of care," said Dr. Pasi Janne, a lung cancer specialist at the-Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "Over the last year, the number of patients we've had referred here for adjuvant chemotherapy has gone up steadily." (50) But some doctors hesitated to make changes, Dr. Winton said, wanting first to see the studies published in a medical journal, which would mean the data had stood up to the scrutiny(仔细的检查) of editors and expert reviewers. Now, his study has become the first of the three to pass that test. It is being published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, along with an editorial by Dr. Katherine M. S. Pisters, a lung cancer specialist at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Yesterday you learnt in a newspaper advertisement that there is a job vacancy in a foreign owned company. What is being recruited is a secretary for the manager. Write a letter to its personnel department, 1) showing your intention for the position, 2) displaying your qualifications, 3) and expressing your inquiry about an job interview. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Write a letter to invite your best friend Jane to take part in your mother's 60-year-old birthday and inform her of your arrangement. Begin your letter as follows. Dear Jane, You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name, using "Li Ming' instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to study at the University of Cardiff. Write a letter asking to be enrolled in its language training program. Your letter should be based on the outline given below: 1) the purpose of this letter; 2) your plan for your B. A. degree; 3) your hope. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Peng" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题The level of economic and industrial development enjoyed by a state affects the foreign policy goals it can pursue. (46) As a general proposition, the more developed a state is economically, the more likely it is that it will play an activist role in the world political economy. Rich nations have interests that extend far beyond their borders and typically command the means necessary to pursue and protect them. (47) Not coincidentally, countries that enjoy industrial capabilities and extensive involvement in international trade also tend to be militarily powerful, in part because military might is a function of economic capabilities. For two decades after world war two, the United States and the Soviet Union stood out as superpowers precisely because they benefited from that combination of economic and military capability including extensive arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means to deliver them anywhere, that enabled both to practice unrestrained globalism. Their imperial reach and interventionist behaviors were seemingly unrestrained by limited wealth or resources. In fact, major powers have been involved in foreign conflict more frequently than minor powers. Although economically advanced nations are more active globally, this does not mean that their privileged circumstances dictate adventuresome policies. Rich nations are usually "satisfied" ones that have much to lose from the onset of revolutionary change or global instability. (48) For this reason, they usually perceive preservation of the status quo as serving their interests best, and they often practice international economic policies designed to protect and expand their envied position at the pinnacle of the global hierarchy. Levels of productivity and prosperity also affect the foreign policies of the poor states at the bottom of the hierarchy. (49) Some respond to their economic weakness by complying subserviently with the wishes of the rich on which they depend. Others rebel defiantly, and they sometimes succeed in resisting major power efforts to control their international behavior. Hence efforts to generalize about the economic foundations of states' international political behavior often prove unrewarding. Levels of economic development vary widely among states in the international system, but they do not by themselves determine foreign policies. (50) Instead the opportunities and constraints that leaders perceive in their nation's attributes, rather than the actual level of development, may be the determining source of states' international conduct.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} A. Title: Role Of Mass Media in Shaping Our View B. Time Limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: about 200 words D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below: (1) the role mass media; (2) your explanation; (3) your opinion.

问答题 AMGEN, the world's biggest biotechnology company, made its fortune from a drug that fortifies the blood of patients who are undergoing dialysis. On December 17th, the California company acquired some new blood of its own with the purchase of Immunex, a Seattle-based biotechnology company, for $16 billion. This deal, a biotech-industry record, gives Amgen a firm footing in the multibillion-dollar market in inflammation control. Immunex's most profitable product is Enbrel, a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.(46) {{U}}Amgen hopes to triple the drug's sales to more than $3 billion by 2005, widening its use to other diseases and overcoming manufacturing constraints that have kept the drug in short supply{{/U}}. With this takeover, Immunex passes from one parent to another. American Home Products (AHP) holds 41% of the shares, and has given the firm sales and marketing support. (47){{U}}But AHP (American Household Products) has been selling down its stake since last year, in part to finance a $3.8 billion settlement of claims against its diet drugs.{{/U}} (48){{U}}Although Amen calls itself a biotech company, its market capitalisation of around $62 billion makes it larger than Pharmacia and several other well-known mainstream drug companies, traditionally considered the big brothers of biotech{{/U}}. But Amgen likes to think of itself as less bureaucratic and more entrepreneurial than its pharmaceutical brethren, and it is free of such big-pharma woes as imminent patent expiry. (49){{U}}However, as J ose2oh Dougherty, a biotech analyst at Lehman Brothers, points out, -Amgen will find it hard to retain the freedom of its youth as it strives to expand its sales by more than 30% a year{{/U}}.Historically, pharmaceutical companies have used their deep pockets to buy biotech companies. Now. increasingly, biotech companies are buying each other (see chart). Such industry consolidation is driven by strategy rather than desperation, according to Scott Morrison. a consultant with Ernst & Young. (50){{U}}Companies are pooling their resources to build scale in research and development, and in sales, or to fill holes-in their product pipelines, as Amgen has just done{{/U}}. With almost 1,400 biotech companies in America, and a comparable number in Europe, there is plenty of room for more togetherness.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonamarketingstrategy:discountpromotion.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:{{/I}}1)interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture2)makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon{{I}}Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.(20points){{/I}}

问答题Directions: Please write a letter to congratulate your friend Fang, who did well in the application of MBA and has been enrolled by Renmin University. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.