问答题International investors seem incapable of ending their love affair with the dollar. America's economy has slowed sharply this year, yet its currency has risen to a 15 year high in trade weighted terms. (46) {{U}}Against the euro the dollar touched $ 0.88 — 8% higher than in early January and close to the level at which the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve jointly intervened to prop up the European currency last September.{{/U}} Why is the euro looking sickly? There are plenty of theories. One is that the markets do not trust the ECB: (47) {{U}}the euro area economies are not immune to America's downturn, yet the central bank still seems more concerned with fighting inflation than with supporting growth; another more plausible explanation is that, in an uncertain global economic climate, the dollar has resumed its traditional role as a safe-haven currency.{{/U}} Most economists reckon that the euro is undervalued and expect a rebound over the next year. One of the most optimistic is Goldman Sachs, which is predicting a rate of $1.22 in 12 months. But an analysis by David Owen, an economist at Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, gives pause for thought. (48) {{U}}He has found that, over the past decade, movements in the real exchange rate of the euro against the dollar have closely reflected the difference between productivity growth in the euro area and in America.{{/U}} When productivity growth in America has been faster than in Europe—as it was in most of the late 1990s—the euro falls, and vice versa. This is exactly what economic theory would predict: countries with faster productivity growth in the traded goods sector should see rising real exchange rates. Mr. Owen uses monthly data for productivity growth in manufacturing, a good proxy for the traded goods sector. Using annual productivity data for the whole economy (which are available over a longer period), the broad relationship between the exchange rate and relative productivity growth in America and Europe seems to have persisted for most of the past 30 years. Mr. Owen reckons that, in the short term, America's downturn will reduce the productivity gap between America and the euro area, and so boost the euro. (49) {{U}}But in the long term, he expects productivity growth to remain faster in America—in which case, a sustained rise in the euro is unlikely over the next few years. Only if the downturn completely kills the belief in America's new paradigm, and its productivity growth plummets, will the euro be able to rebound more permanently{{/U}}. The strength of the dollar this year does indeed seem to hinge on a belief among investors that America's slowdown will be brief, and that in the longer run America remains the best place in which to invest. (50) {{U}}But they may be underestimating the potential for productivity gains in Europe, as the single currency boosts competition and encourages firms to exploit economies of scale through mergers and acquisitions.{{/U}} The adoption of more flexible working practices in many countries should also help to improve productivity. Studies in America suggest that the bulk of its productivity gains from information technology come from the use of it rather than from its production. So the euro area, too, should start to enjoy productivity gains over the next decade, as it makes fuller use of it. If you believe that Europe really is starting to change, buy Euros. If not, stick with the darling dollar.

问答题Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts. Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations. The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government. Economic issues have occupied people's minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture. Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

问答题Directions: Study the following table carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the trend, and 2) give your comments. You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Trend of Population in China Period Population aged 60 and above Propertion of total Population 1990 97.19 million 8.8% 2003 136 million 10.2% 2020 230 million 15.6% 2050 410 million 27.4%

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You have learned that your former English teacher at middle school is ill these days. Write a letter to her. Your letter should include the following items: 1) express your concern; 2) ask after her health; 3) give your best wishes. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Chen Yang" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Information channeling is undergoing remarkable progress in various sectors of society in industrial activities, public services and, more recently, in daily living. In the sector of industrial activities, automation is continuing with the aim of increasing productivity--introduction of computers for process control by the manufacturing industry, and introduction of numerically controlled machine tools, industrial robots, computer-aided design systems and, more recently, flexible manufacturing system by processing and assembling industries. (46) Meanwhile, in offices rapid office automation is presently in progress, stimulated by the popular acceptance of computerized systems, expansion of communications networks and the remarkable technological progress achieved in related equipment such as Japanese word processors. Rapid automation and efficiency improvement are also being achieved in the sector of commodity distribution through the introduction of advanced point of sales systems. Information channeling is being utilized actively in the field of public services. (47) For example, large capacity computers were introduced from an early stage for the control of railway trains and for extending seat reservation services, and more recently diagnostic systems utilizing computers have become commonplace in medical care. (48) To cope with the steady shift toward an aging society, research is in progress to develop technologies related to medical information systems with the aim of improving efficiency in medical services. Regarding education, computerized systems including the CAI (computer assisted instruction) system and CMI (computer managed instruction) system are presently being put to trial operation. In the sector of administration, efficiency of clerical work is being improved through the introduction of computers, and huge volumes of administrative data are more recently being stored in data base systems. (49) In the wake of these moves, computers have become indispensable for advancing large-scale R&D (research and development) projects as in connection with space development and atomic power development, and also in the field of basic research in life science. Daily living is also a sector in which information channeling is taking firm root. (50) To cope with civilian needs for more convenience in home living and in order to meet the needs raised by growing diversification of lifestyle, active research is presently in progress to develop and commercialize new media incorporating sophisticated data processing functions for use in addition to existing media involving the television, radio and telephone. In concert, research is being directed at developing technologies related 'to automation in the home.

问答题(46) Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, institutions, techniques, and language that characterize the life of the group. As culture is so inclusive, it permeates virtually every aspect of human life and influences predominantly people's behavior, including linguistic behavior. (47) When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself; however, in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in different people. Take the word dog for example. In the United States, the word dog in most instances conjures up an image of a furry, domesticated family pet. In some areas of the world, such as South Korea, however, dogs are considered to be a culinary amenity and often are eaten. Therefore, the word dog elicits a quite different meaning because of different cultural experiences. This example indicates that language is heavily tinted with its culture. (48) From the above, we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent shared world knowledge of its people, but also reflects the people's attitudes beliefs, world outlooks etc. In a word, language expresses cultural reality. When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways. If he moves to another community or country, he may be recognized easily not as a member of the local community group but as a newcomer from the ways he uses his language. This implies that language embodies cultural identity. As language is tightly intertwined with culture, learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture. (49) When learning a foreign language, we should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms but also learn to see the world as native speakers do, that is to say, learn the wags in which the foreign language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of that society, learn to understand their "language of the mind". We need to learn enough about the language's culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also communicative competence. This is of great significance in learning a foreign language. (50) Otherwise the ignorance of cultural differences between mother tongue and target language will inevitable create barriers in learning the target language, thus causing some misunderstandings and confusions frequently.

问答题Directions:AStudythegraphsbelowCarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words.BYouressaymustcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:(1)interpretthepicture;(2)explaintherolesofthemigrantworkers;(3)yourcomments.ThePercentageofMigrantWorkersinaChineseCity

问答题The French are the masters of "grands projets". (46)They have the cruelnes, national pride and willingness to spend that are needed for great public works. (47)The British, on the other hand are usually dismissed as too mean, troubled by regulations and lacking in vision, to build anything worthwhile. But occasionally the bulldog triumphs. Take, for example, that grandest, of grands projets, the national library. The Bibliotheque Nationale de France. fast-tracked by President Mitterrand, was planned and built in less than a decade. With its four 80-metre-high glass towers, designed to resemble open books, the library was hailed as a wonder of design and construction when it opened in 1998. (48)Its 11 million books, protected by automatic climate control, were planned to be instantly accessible, with the help of computerised automatic loading trains running on miles of trains. All this, for FFr 8 billion (pounds 861 million), was hailed as evidence that the glory of France was alive and well. The British Library, which cost a third less, became a symbol of national incompetence. First conceived in 1962, it. ran into trouble from the start. (49) After three decades of bitter controversy, planning delays and money problems, the new red-brick library, designed by Colin St John Wilson finally opened for business in 1997. The reviews, given its troubled history, were predictably mixed. The Prince of Wales, who had unveiled the foundation stone, compared it to "an academy for secret police". Matters look different today. The British Library is widely acknowledged as one of London's best modem buildings, a triumph of design over adversity. Those who work there sing its praises. The Bibliotheque Nationale, by contrast, has become notorious for its poor design and even worse construction. Its high technology search system has. proved a nightmare. Its glass construction bakes books in summer. Its freezing winter temperatures have provoked its 3,000 staff to strike. (50) Conditions became so intolerable that soon after it opened several hundred frustrated students stormed a reading room trampling library staff under foot, Dismissed by three famous French professors as a "sinister fame", la grande bibliotheque proves that victory does not always go to the swiftest.

问答题Directions : Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80～100 English words. 博物馆免费开放：亟待公众热情参与 全国各地免费开放的博物馆、遗址公园等文化遗产，已成为众多中小学生的文化盛宴。这一公共政策的实施，无疑使这些青少年成为文化场所免费开放的真正受益者。 2008年3月，党中央、国务院高屋建瓴、审时度势推出了博物馆免费开放的决策。尽管在全球经济危机的背景下面临一些考验，但是，政府买单让百姓共享文化成果的做法得到了公众的拥护，对于核心价值体系的构建起到积极的推动作用。 今年，国际博物馆协会将国际博物馆日的主题定为“博物馆与旅游”，旨在探讨全球博物馆等文化遗产资源如何在刺激消费、促进旅游、拉动经济中发挥作用。事实上，我国博物馆免费开放时代的来临，不仅保障了公众的文化权益，而且还推动了经济的增长。例如，近年来，杭州西湖的博物馆、遗址、公共没施等遗产群的免费开放，不仅增加了人流，而且还带动了旅游等相关收入的增长。博物馆免费开放是还利于民的好政策，是我国文化场所免费开放政策的纵深和延续。当然，博物馆免费开放是一新鲜事物，目前还有待于进一步完善，免费开放实践与理想的政策目标之间也还存在一段距离。 可以这么说，没有参与，公众就不会持续地关注博物馆的藏品，没有互动，公众不会持续地参与到博物馆建设中来。没有公众的关注和参与，博物馆也将失去其作为城市文明殿堂的意义。 免费开放是以公众参与作为公共政策选择的出发点，目的就是调动公众参与的积极性，从而提高博物馆等公共文化资源的使用率。如果说，“博物馆是城市的客厅”是一种理想，那么，免费开放址这个理想成为现实。当公众能够自由进出博物馆，把博物馆当作自己的博物馆，当作生活中不可缺少的部分，当作向外地客人展示城市魅力的地方，我们的博物馆就将成为所有市民引以为自豪的城市客厅。因此，博物馆管理者应该积极地创造让城市主人充分使用客厅的条件，及时地更新客厅的装饰和内容．提供更为优质的服务。 失去门票利益驱动的博物馆是否愿意经常地装扮客厅，这是值得思考的问题。一些博物馆的管理者认为，免费开放并没有带来参观人数的明显增加，因此在拉动旅游发展中起到的作用微乎其微。问题恰恰是，作为文化资源的管理者，博物馆没有很好地为公众服务，没有从公众的角度出发，自然遭到公众的冷落。 一些博物馆管理者总是强调免费开放带来的利益受损，而没有看到免费开放带来的发展机遇。当越来越多的企业选择在人民大会堂以及地方政府会议中心等重要场所屣示企业形象的时候，博物馆是否可以从中得到启发? 博物馆作为城市的精神家园，给予公众的不仅是精神上的愉悦和满足，更多的是一种心灵上的归属感。过去，博物馆展览没有很好地考虑到公众的心理和审美诉求，如今，公众的参与和对展览经费使用情况的监督将促使博物馆管理层认真、全面地考虑公众在审美、知识、历史、文化方面的诉求，否则将承受公众和新闻媒体的舆论压力。过去，博物馆把公众当作知识教育的对象，没有作为平等的主体进行交流。如今，一些博物馆经常举办一些专题性的文化论坛和讲座，旨在提高公众解读博物馆藏品资源的能力以及对话能力。类似博物馆QQ群、网上论坛的建设，可以在志愿者和义工的参与下，与公众形成良好的互动，从而让公众在展览内容和形式这块“地盘”上做主。 作为公共文化事业．博物馆的管理和经营需要公众的参与，每一个公众的劳动应该受到尊重。让公众在博物馆这一舞台上展示自我，让公众参与到城市发展和文化建设中来，或许可以成为免费开放后博物馆绝处逢生甚至发展壮大的良方。 我们强调博物馆是城市的名片，不只是说博物馆建筑是城市的标志，而是说把博物馆当作展示城市文化的窗口。那么，如何发掘城市历史文化资源，从而吸引更多的外地游客，成为地方政府决策者思考的问题。近年来，各地政府在发展旅游过程中逐步重视发展和扶持文化创意产业，也开始强调对城市文化遗产资源的开发和利用。占有一个城市主要文化遗产资源的博物馆，自然也应该在文化创意产业和旅游产业的发展中起到主导的作用。 一直以来，博物馆很重视纪念品的开发和利用，并把那些吸收地域特色文化凶素的纪念品作为宣传博物馆、宣传一个城市的流动名片。“把博物馆带回家”是博物馆纪念品开发的理念，也是博物馆经营和管理的口号。除了纪念品外，博物馆还可以独立和采取合作的方式组建歌舞团等文艺演出团体。并结合馆藏文物历史、文化、审美的内涵，创作相应的音乐，编排相应的舞蹈，也可以像良渚博物院一样拍摄以文物考古为题材的影视作品．更可以结合建筑群的特点、内部构造开发一些寓教于乐、类似《帝国时代》的网络游戏和动漫作品。博物馆要善于依托其馆藏文化资源进行文化创意产品的开发和营销，这样才能使外地游客在参观博物馆的过程中有所收获。 总之，把博物馆比喻为城市的客厅、城市的家园和城市的名片，是免费开放时代博物馆功能的一种阐释。能否真正发挥作用，关键在于公众的参与，在于建立和完善博物馆公众参与的机制，并在制度上给予充分的保障。

问答题In the past year, a lot has changed in the field of human spaceflight. (46) In January, President George Bush brushed aside the fact that America's entire space-shuttle fleet was grounded when he announced grandiose plans to put people back on the moon, and then to launch a manned mission to Mars. (47) In June, Burt Rutan, an American aeronautical engineer, showed that human spaceflight was no longer the preserve of governments by sending a man to the edge of space in Space Ship One, a privately financed vehicle that cost about the same to build as a luxury yacht. That was followed in September by Sir Richard Branson, the British entrepreneur behind the Virgin brand, announcing that he had signed a deal with Mr Rutan to work on plans for a fleet of five suborbital vehicles developed from Space Ship One. (48) Now, in the dying days of the year, America's Congress has passed a bill that unravels a tangle about who would be responsible for regulating the fledgling industry, and under what terms. (49) The hill also allows passengers to fly on the understanding that this new generation of vehicles may not be as safe as taking a commercial flight between, say, New York and London. The official line from Virgin Galactica, as Sir Richard's latest venture is modestly named, is that this coming change in the law makes no practical difference to the firm's plans, since they do not intend to fly unless they can make their spacecraft as safe as a private jet. But it must surely come as some sort of relief. In any case, Will Whitehorn, director of corporate affairs at Virgin's headquarters in London, and soon to become the president of Virgin Galactica, says that work is under way on a mock up of the inter[or of a new spacecraft that will hold five passengers. (50) Virgin has already committed ＄20m towards licensing the SpaceShipOne technology from Mr Rutan and his financial backer Paul Allen, a software billionaire.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingstatements.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

问答题Directions: Suppose that Jack, a friend of yours, has invited you to his birthday party, but you cannot go for some reasons. Write a letter to make an apology to him. 1) Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons, 2) Other recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use" Zhang Wei" instead. Do not write your address.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are Li Ming. You learn that there are job openings in an electric appliances company. You intend to apply for the position of sales representative. You write a letter to the company's human resources manager. Your letter should include the following: 1) inquiry about the information, 2) brief accounts of your qualifications, and 3) how you can be reached. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.