问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} One of your close friends, Catherine, gave a piano solo at a concert last night and won the first prize. Now write her a letter of congratulation including the following details: 1) your heart-felt congratulations, 2) your strong impression, 3) and your encouragement. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "12 Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 What’s your earliest memory? Do you remember learning to walk? The birth of a sibling? Nursery school? Adults rarely remember events from much before kindergarten, just as children younger than 3 or 4 seldom recall any specific experiences (as distinct from general knowledge). Psychologists have floated all sorts of explanations for this “childhood amnesia”. The reductionists appealed to the neurological, arguing that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for forming memories, doesn’t mature until about the age of 2. But the reigning theory holds that since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults are struck with grown-up “schema”, the bare bones of narratives. (46){{U}}When they riffle through the mental filing cabinet in search of fragments of childhood memories to hang on this narrative skeleton, according to this theory, they don’t find any that fit. {{/U}}It’s like trying to find the French word in an English index. Now psychologist Katherine Nelson of the City University of New York offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. (47){{U}}She argues that children don’t even form lasting, long-term memories of personal experiences until they learn to use someone else’s description of those experiences to turn their own short-term, fleeting recollections into permanent memories. {{/U}}In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them — hear Mom recount that days’ trip to the dinosaur museum, hear Dad re- member aloud their trip to the amusement park. Why should memory depend so heavily on narrative? Nelson marshals evidence that the mind structures remembrances that way. (48){{U}}Children whose mothers talk about the day’s activities as they wind down toward bedtime, for instance, remember more of the day’s special events than do children whose mothers don’t offer this novelistic framework. {{/U}}Talking about an event in a narrative way helps a child remember it. (49){{U}}And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative, Nelson suggests, is the key to a permanent “autobiographical memory”, the specific remembrances that form one’s life story.{{/U}} (What you had for lunch yesterday isn’t part of it; what you ate on your first date with your future spouse may be.) Language, of course, is the key to such a narrative. Children learn to engage in talk about the past. The establishment of these memories is related to the experience of talking to other people about them. (50){{U}}In particular, a child must recognize that a retelling — of that museum trip, say — is just the trip itself in another medium, that of speech rather than experience.{{/U}} That doesn’t happen until the child is perhaps four or five. By the time she’s ready for kindergarten she’ll remember all sorts of things. And she may even, by then, have learned’ not to blurt them out in public.

问答题 46){{U}}It must be stressed that a characteristic aspect of the present time is that science is exercising a decisive influence on technology, creating new problems for it, guiding its development and conditioning its progress.{{/U}} As a result, science is tending to become a direct force of industry. Scientific theories penetrate technological processes. In its turn, the development of science is strongly influenced by the astounding progress of modern technology, which places at its disposal previously undreamed of means: apparatus of high precision and of tremendous power, such as particle accelerators nuclear reactors, electronic computers, etc. 47){{U}}The improvement of industrial technology makes possible the realization of high intensity phenomena such as pressure, temperature, very high tension or nearly ideal conditions of vacuum, often indispensable to accurate experimental results.{{/U}} Science does not, generally, affect industry directly but does so through the intermediary of technology which places at industry's disposal new improved and powerful machines that increase the productivity of labour. 48){{U}}It improves technological processes, introduces new forms of energy, creates new materials not provided by nature, introduces new and varied means of transport, communication and telecommunication control and telecontrol.{{/U}} 49){{U}}All these means amazingly increase the productivity of labour by substituting human forces for those of nature.{{/U}} 50){{U}}The raising of the technical level of industry, therefore, constitutes a major imperative of our time presented to science, which finds itself in the vanguard of social progress.{{/U}}

问答题1. There are two modes of travel. 2. Compare two modes of travel in terms of 1) the attraction of package travel; 2) the attraction of traveling on one's own; 3) the disadvantage of both. 3. Your preference. 以下是某旅行社的宣传资料： 千岛湖、黄山三日游 个人旅游单价 团体价加导游 折扣 来回车费 500元 300元 40% 公园票价 (15个景点) 400元 300元 25% 伙食(平均价) 300元 150元 50% 宾馆住馆 300元 150元 50% 总价 1500元 900元 40%

问答题Directions: Study the following graph carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Your essay should cover these three points: · explain the chart · provide possible reasons for this phenomenon · draw a conclusion 某城市1990-2009年出国人数变化表 年份 1990年 2000年 2009年 人数(人) 500 2000 6000

问答题There are a great many reasons for studying what philosophers have said in the past. One is that we cannot separate the history of philosophy from that of science. Philosophy is largely discussion about matters on which few people are quite certain, and those few hold opposite opinions. As knowledge increases, philosophy buds off the sciences. We also see how every philosopher reflects the social life of his day. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles. The study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to fake certain general ideas for granted, and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite different ideas, and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers. If a dog could speak, it would probably not distinguish between motion and life. Some primitive men do not do so, and travelers interpret them as saying there are spirits everywhere. In our age of machines we are apt to look for mechanical explanations of everything, yet it is only three hundred years since machines had been developed so far that Descartes first suggested that animal and human bodies were machines. A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example, Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the sun, and another from our eyes, and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun, and is reflected into our eyes. We don't know in much detail how the changes in our eyes give rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that we learn more about the physiology of the brain, we shall do so, and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge and will are going to be pretty fully cleared up. But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others which perplex us today, there will still be one field of which they do not know, namely the future. However exact our science, we cannot know it as we know the past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of which we are ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable to suspend judgment. That is one reason why Marx and Engels quite rightly wrote so little on many philosophical problems which interested their contemporaries.

问答题Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Department of Chinese Language and Literature" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. One of the strangest aspects of the mechanical approach to life is the widespread lack of concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons; a possibility people are consciously aware of. The explanation, I believe, is that they are more proud of than frightened by the gadgets of mass destruction. (46) {{U}}Also they are so frightened of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevents them from feeling anxiety about the possibility that everybody and everything maybe destroyed.{{/U}} Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and never ending personal anxiety. Am I suggesting that modern man is doomed and that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. (47){{U}}I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and the full development of his potentialities--those of love and of reason--are the aims of all social arrangements.{{/U}} Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. To attain this goal we need to create a Renaissance of Enlightenment and of Humanism. It must be an Enlightenment, however, more radically realistic and critical than that of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It must be a Humanism that aims at the full development of the total man, not the gadget man, not the consumer man, not the organization man. The aim of a humanist society is the man who loves life, who has faith in life, who is productive and independent. (48) {{U}}Such a transformation is possible if we recognize that our present way of life makes us sterile and eventually destroys the vitality necessary for survival.{{/U}} (49) {{U}}Whether such transformation is likely is another matter. But we will not be able to succeed unless we see the alternatives clearly and realize that the choice is still ours.{{/U}} Dissatisfaction with our way of life is the first step toward changing it. As to these changes, one thing is certain: They must take place in all spheres simultaneously--in the economic, the social, the political and the spiritual. (50) {{U}}Change in only one sphere will lead into blind alleys, as did the purely political French Revolution and the purely economic Russian Revolution.{{/U}}

问答题Keep our Language Pure You are to write in three paragraphs. In the first paragraph, state the phenomenon of reckless use of foreign names by Chinese producers. In the second paragraph, state its negative effects. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with your advice on counter- measures. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

问答题 Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. 46){{U}}Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things—from subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and hence to the cosmos as a whole.{{/U}} Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide. Our perceptions may be distorted by training and prejudice or merely because of the limitations of the phenomena of the world. 47){{U}}Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction a pound of lead falls faster than a gram of fluff was answered incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of Galileo.{{/U}} Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is. Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage—at the very least the courage to question the conventional wisdom. 48){{U}}Beyond this the main trick of science is to really think of something: the shape of clouds and their occasional sharp bottom edges at the same altitude everywhere in the sky; the formation of a dewdrop on a leaf; the origin of a name or a word; the reason for human social customs—the incest taboo, for example;{{/U}} how it is that a lens in sunlight can make paper burn; how a "walking stick" got to look so much like a twig; why the Moon seems to follow us as we walk; what prevents us from digging a hole down to the center of the Earth; what the definition is of "down" on a spherical earth; how it is possible for the body to convert yesterday's lunch into today's muscle and sinew; or how far is up—does the universe go on forever, or if it does not, is there any meaning to the question of what lies on the other side? Some of these questions are pretty easy. Others, especially the last, are mysteries to which no one even today knows the answer. They are natural questions to ask. 49){{U}}Every culture has posed such questions in one way or another, and almost always the proposed answers are in the nature of "Just So Stories", attempted explanations divorced from experiment, or even from careful comparative observations.{{/U}} But the scientific cast of mind examines the world critically as if many alternative worlds might exist, as if other things might be here which are not. Then we are forced to ask why what we see is present and not something else. Why are the Sun and the Moon and the planets spheres? Why not pyramids, or cubes, or dodecahedra? Why not irregular, jumbly shapes? Why so symmetrical, worlds? 50){{U}}If you spend any time spinning hypotheses, checking to see whether they make sense, whether they conform to what else we know, thinking of tests you can pose to substantiate or deflate your hypotheses, you will find yourself doing science.{{/U}} And as you come to practice this habit of thought more and more you will get better and better at it.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}You just come back from your holiday. Write a letter to the manager of the hotel you booked to complain the bad service in the hotel. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.{{/I}}

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthewasteofenergy.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethepicture,and2)analysethereasonsandgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.