问答题Directions:Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofchallenge.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge.Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Suppose you were a tourist in a strange city. You left your video camera in the hotel room and didn't notice it until you arrived home. Write a letter to the hotel, asking them to send it to you? Tell them the type of the camera and other necessary information about this event. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not .sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Suppose you a staff member of a company. Write a letter of complaint to the president to report the problems of the company canteen service.{{/I}} You should write 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write your address.

问答题 Do students learn from programmed instruction? The research leaves us in no doubt of this. They do, indeed, learn. 46.{{U}} Many kinds of students learn -- college, high school, secondary, primary, preschool, adult, professional, skilled labor, clerical employees, military, deaf, retarded imprisoned- every kind of students that programs have been tried on{{/U}}. Using programs, these students are able to learn mathematics and science at different levels, foreign languages, English language correctness, spelling, electronics, computer science, psychology, statistics, business skills, reading skills, instrument flying rules, and many other subjects; the limits of the topics which can be studied efficiently by means of programs are not yet known. For each of the kinds of subject matter and the kinds of student mentioned above, experiments have demonstrated that a considerable amount of learning can be derived from programs; this learning has been measured either by comparing pre-and post-tests or the time and trials needed to reach a set criterion of performance. 47. {{U}}But the question, how well do students learn from programs as compared to how well they learn from other kinds of instruction, we cannot answer quite confidently{{/U}}. Experimental psychologists typically do not take very seriously the evaluative experiments in which learning from programs is compared with learning from conventional teaching. Such experiments are doubtlessly useful, they say, for school administrators or teachers to prove to themselves (or their boards of education) that programs work. 48. {{U}}But whereas one can describe fairly well the characteristics of a program, can one describe the characteristics of a classroom teaching situation so that the result of the comparison will have any generality{{/U}}? What kind of teacher is being compared to what kind of program? Furthermore, these early evaluative experiments with programs are likely to suffer from the Hawthorne effect; that is to say, students are in the spotlight when testing something new, and are challenged to do well. 49. {{U}}It is very hard to make allowance for this effect; therefore, the evaluative tests may be useful administratively, say many of the experiments, but do not contribute much to science, and should properly be kept for private use{{/U}}. These objections are well taken. And yet, do they justify us in ignoring the evaluative studies? The great strength of a program is that it permits the student to learn efficiently by himself. 50. {{U}}Is it not therefore important to know how much and what kind of skills, concepts, insights, or attitudes he can learn by himself from a program as compared to what he can learn from a teacher?{{/U}} Admittedly, this is a very difficult and complex research problem, but that should not keep us from trying to solve it.

问答题There are many innovations turning up in the latest experimental and production electric cars, affecting everything from batteries to motors to control systems. The need to make them all work together is prompting a complete rethink about the way cars should be designed and manufactured, and it is unclear which technologies will dominate as the constraints imposed by internal combustion engines give way to the new limits and possibilities associated with electric propulsion. (46) But one group of engineers have stuck their necks out and declared that a particular technology, the electric hub motor, is likely to become the most widely used drive system. At this week's Deutsche Messe technology show in Hanover, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute displayed an electric vehicle which they are using as a test platform to investigate new vehicle systems. (47) It includes electric hub motors, which they have developed to be markedly more powerful than any such motors currently available. The motors have all the necessary power and control systems integrated into the wheel hub, greatly reducing the number of connections between the hub motors and the rest of the vehicle. (48) Because hub motors can deliver power independently to each wheel, tricks like four-wheel-drive are possible, and with software monitoring each wheel, stability and traction control can also be built-in. Besides dispensing with the traditional engine bay on a car, hub motors save space and weight because there is no need for a mechanical transmission, with its driveshafts and differential units. (49) Some critics of the technology think having heavy electric motors in the wheels of cars will have a negative effect on vehicle handling. But Hermann Pleteit, a project manager with one of the 33 Fraunhofer research centres that have teamed up to work on the experimental car, says the chassis and many other parts of the vehicle can be configured in such a way to compensate for this. Several carmakers and component suppliers are interested in hub motors. Michelin, for one, is developing a system it calls the Active Wheel. (50) As well as an electric motor to drive the wheel, it contains a second electric motor to operate an active suspension system that is also built into the wheel hub. Michelin reckons this arrangement, which is now being tested in cars, could make other conventional parts, like shock absorbers, unnecessary.

问答题Ask someone to name a famous psychologist, and chances are they will pick Sigmund Freud. His ideas about the unconscious—a sort of shadowy basement of the mind that is inaccessible to rational thought, but which nevertheless influences people's behaviour—are part of popular folklore. Although it remained popular at dinner parties, the idea of the unconscious fell out of favour among 20th-century psychologists, thanks to the rise of more scientific approaches to psychology. These focused purely on studying behaviour and refrained from theorising about the inner workings of the mind. In his latest book, "Subliminal", Leonard Mlodinow, a theoretical physicist, shows how the idea of the unconscious has become respectable again over the past couple of decades. This development has been helped by rigorous experimental evidence of the effects of the subconscious and, especially, by real-time brain-scanning technology that allows researchers to examine what is going on in their subjects' heads. That experimental evidence suggests that, as Freud suspected, conscious reasoning makes up a comparatively small part. of the activity in our brains, with most of the work taking place where we can't tap into it. However, unlike Freud's unconscious, the modern unconscious is a place of super-fast data processing, useful survival mechanisms and rules of thumb about the world that have been trained by millions of years of evolution. It is the unconscious, for instance, that stitches together data on colour, shape, movement and perspective to create the sight enjoyed by the conscious part. of the mind. The modem view of the unconscious mind may be more benign than Freud's, but it can still generate unwelcome impulses. Psychologists theorise that the well-documented tendency of humans to categorise almost every piece of information they come across is a survival mechanism that evolved to aid quick decision making. Yet it may also lie behind the tendency for human beings to group people into races, genders, creeds and the like, and then to apply certain characteristics—unjustifiably—to every member of that group. The insights offered by modem science into the workings of the human mind are fascinating in their own right. But they also suggest that plenty of conventional wisdom about how humans behave may need rethinking. For instance, Mr Mlodinow notes that economic models are built "on the assumption that people make decisions by consciously weighing the relevant factors", whereas the psychological research suggests that, most of the time, they do no such thing. Instead, they act on the basis of simple, unconscious rules that can sometimes produce completely irrational results.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepicture,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Yourshouldwritenolessthan200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You rent a house through an agency. The heating system has stopped working. You phoned the agency a week ago but it still has not been repaired. Write a letter to the agency. Your letter should be based on the following outline: 1) state your purpose; 2) explain the situation; 3) tell them what you want them to do about it. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Fan Cheng" instead, You do not need to write the address.

问答题1)an expression of your gratitude, 2) offer to return the favor one day, 3) your expectation for her visiting. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题You have just received a letter from a company, which replied your application for a job and asked you to go to the interview on August 30. Please write a reply which is about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET II. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. You do not need to write the address.

问答题As professor and dean of the Department, you have one student applying for a position in a firm related to law. Write a reference letter for him/her to the company he/she is applying for the application. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D. C. next month. Write a letter to Tony who is there and introduce Mary to him. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. 46) Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Javanese employees and the Javanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case. 47) Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies. Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. 48) When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively; they made critical change in United States procedures. 49) For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose, to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. 50) Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the. need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)givereasonsforgivingupsmoking,and3)suggestwaystoquitsmoking.

问答题Directions: Write a notice for the Office of Peking University to inform the teachers, workers and some students of a meeting to commend the advanced teachers and workers. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use"the office of Peking university" instead. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. 冬季的体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷，但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑喾、晨练、冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候作介绍。 首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天中多穿衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，机体的产热大大增加，如果穿得过多反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，同时又保证了活动的自由性。 在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与，如维生素B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素C等需求增加。 因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意增加较多的热量。一般来说，从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右。据测算，一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量。在三大物质中，因脂肪具有产热多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热量的25%～30%；而蛋白质也应偏高，占12%～18%；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算，蛋白质约需130克，脂肪150克，糖约480克，相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右，鸡肉100克，瘦猪肉200克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油50克等。 冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中的维生素也应相当增加，维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。据文献称，摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。 冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，冬泳前不要喝酒；对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳。 冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行晨练。一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸人人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热，鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度，以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进，掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。