问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

问答题Directions.Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingsetofpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interprettheirintendedmeaning,and3)pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题1) invite him on behalf of your department, 2) tell him the time and place of the conference. 3) promise to give him further details later. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题 Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46){{U}} In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure.{{/U}} The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47){{U}} Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers?{{/U}} Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48){{U}} Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed.{{/U}} During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49){{U}} Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks.{{/U}} Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50){{U}} Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. {{/U}}Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment. Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47) Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48 ) Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49 ) Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50 ) Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they're turning everything off, that sort of thing. 46){{U}}If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account."{{/U}} These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible. I wonder whether this can be true. 47){{U}}After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe.{{/U}} 48){{U}}A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse.{{/U}} They can do anything we can do, and more besides. It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. 49){{U}}When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking.{{/U}} And the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. 50){{U}}As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities.{{/U}} Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not provided with the art of being wrong, we could never get anything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.

问答题Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. 46) Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture . However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case. 47) Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies. Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. 48) When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms . Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively; they made critical change in United States procedures. 49) For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently . Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. 50) Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.

问答题Directions: Write a letter to the director of the library in your university, giving some advice on how to improve the library service. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American. The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons-test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46) {{U}}The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation.{{/U}} A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47) {{U}}These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk.{{/U}} Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population. (48) {{U}}While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk.{{/U}} (49) {{U}}It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births.{{/U}} In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate freport concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50) {{U}}One Federal agency has .been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Write a letter of application of about 100 words to apply for the position Marketing Manager in today"s Daily News. You should include the details you think necessary. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: You are to inform Mrs. Benton that you will have to break the dinner engagement. Write a note(短笺) to 1) express your regret, 2) state your reasons and 3) hope to meet in the near future. You. should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题 A college student becomes so compulsive about cleaning his dorm room that his grades begin to slip. An executive living in New York has a mortal fear of snakes but lives in Manhattan and rarely goes outside the city where he might encounter one. t computer technician, deeply anxious around strangers, avoids social and company gatherings and is passed over for promotion. Are these people mentally iii? (46) {{U}}In a report released last week, researchers estimated that more than half of Americans would develop mental disorders in their lives, raising questions about where mental health ends and illness begins.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}In fact, psychiatrists have no good answer, and the boundary between mental illness and normal mental struggle has become a battle line dividing the profession into two viscerally opposed camps{{/U}}. On one side are doctors who say that the definition of mental illness should be broad enough to include mild conditions, which can make people miserable and often lead to more severe problems later. (48) {{U}}On the other are experts who say that the current definitions should be tightened to ensure that limited resources go to those who need them the most and to preserve the profession's credibility with a public that often scoffs at claims that large numbers of Americans have mental disorders.{{/U}} The question is not just philosophical, where psychiatrists draw the line may determine not only the willingness of insurers to pay for services, but the future of research on moderate and mild mental disorders. (49) {{U}}Directly and indirectly, it will also shape the decisions of millions of people who agonize over whether they or their loved ones are in need of help, merely eccentric or dealing with ordinary life struggles.{{/U}} "This argument is heating up right now," said Dr. Darrel Regier, director 0f research at the American Psychiatric Association, "because we're in the process of revising the diagnostic manual," the catalog of mental disorders on which research, treatment and the profession itself are based. The next edition of the manual is expected to appear in 2010 or 2011, "and there's going continued debate in the scientific community about what the cut-points of clinical disease are," Dr. Regier said. Psychiatrists have been searching for more than a century for some biological marker for mental disease, to little avail. (50) {{U}}Although there is promising work in genetics and brain imaging, researchers are not likely to have anything resembling a blood test for a mental illness soon, leaving them with what they have always had.- observations o{ behavior, and patients' answers to questions about how they feel and how severe their condition is.{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Psychologists once believed that the motive that caused men to strive to attain high-level managerial positions was the "need for achievement". But now they believe it is the "need for power". Power seekers strive hard to reach positions where they can exercise authority over large numbers of people. (46) {{U}}Individual performers who lack this drive are not likely to advance far up the managerial ladder{{/U}}. They usually scorn company politics and devote their energies to other types of activities. The power game is part of management, and it is played best by those who enjoy it most. (47) {{U}}One of the least rational acts of business organizations is that of hiring managers who have a high need to exercise authority, and then teaching them that authoritative methods are wrong and that they should be consultative or participative{{/U}}. (48) {{U}}It is a serious mistake to teach managers that they should adopt styles that are inconsistent with their unique personalities{{/U}}. Yet this is precisely what a large number of business organizations are doing; and it explains, in part, why their management development programs are not effective. (49) {{U}}What managerial aspirants should be taught is how to exercise their authority in a way that is appropriate to the situation and the people involved{{/U}}. They need to learn that the real source of their power is their own knowledge and skill, and the strength of their own personalities, not the authority conferred on them by their positions. When they lack the knowledge or skill required to perform the work, they need to know how to share their authority. (50) {{U}}But when they know What has to be done and have the skill and personality to get it done, they must exercise their traditional authority in whatever way is necessary.{{/U}}

问答题 Eric Hansen writes about travel as a participating enthusiast rather than a mere observer. (46){{U}}It gives these nine essays, based on his adventures over the past quarter- century, a resonance and psychological depth not usually seen in more routine travel narratives.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}The reader follows wide-eyed from the armchair as Mr Hansen journeys from the French Riviera to the South Pacific, India, the United States and Borneo.{{/U}} Each story combines nuanced portraits of memorable characters with lyrical descriptions of human fallibility and generosity. In his wildest tale, Mr Hansen recounts his time working at a hotel on Thursday Island in the Torres Strait. (48){{U}}"Seldom," he writes, "does one have the chance to enjoy the company of people who have so completely given themselves over to the cultivation of the low life in such style and with such gusto."{{/U}} (49) {{U}}Beyond the booze, broken glass and fist fights, the author learns the history of the island's pearl divers who, in canvas suits and lead weighted shoes, snatch gold-lip pearl shells from a seabed teeming with sea snakes, giant groupers and saltwater crocodiles.{{/U}} Other stories tell of drinking hallucinogenic kava in Vanuatu; lingering on a beach with a beautiful Maldivian girl in a pleasurable pursuit that the locals call "night fishing"; cooking piroshki with a Moscow emigre in a tiny manhattan apartment while drug dealers shoot each other in the lobby below; and watching the Indonesian crew of a becalmed tall ship dance on deck to country and western music. (50){{U}}The most moving story comes from Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), where the author's frustration at the impenetrable bureaucracy when trying to ship his belongings home is put into perspective by his voluntary work at Mother Theresa's home for the dying.{{/U}} Here he bathes, feeds and comforts the inhabitants of the men's ward, where the panic and despair of death are replaced by dignity and humour. This sensitive portrait alone makes this heartfelt collection a magical and uplifting read.

问答题Directions: One of your friends Wang Tao is going to pursue his M.A. studies at Princeton University. He will arrive there one month before registration. Write a letter to your friend Mark Green at that university to 1) introduce Wang Tao, 2) ask him to help Wang Tao get familiar with the university and rent an apartment there. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayof160～200wordsinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawingsbriefly,2)explaintheirintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.