问答题 Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. (46) {{U}}is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.{{/U}} Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. "That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) {{U}}However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down..{{/U}} The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. (48) {{U}}Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex.{{/U}} Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. "Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood." There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. (49) {{U}}Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.{{/U}} Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) {{U}}In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.{{/U}}

问答题The free thing does bother me. Not because I think good-quality content ought to exist only for those who can afford it but because, for my sons' generation, the knowledge that things are freely available to anyone with half a brain is combined with the most extraordinary sense of entitlement. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}As combinations go, it's a slightly alarming one: free stuff plus a complete lack of familiarity with the concept of hard work being necessary in order to achieve your ambitions{{/U}}. Add to this the fact that the economic situation means we are handing on a terrible financial burden to the younger generation and you don't have to be unusually imaginative to see that our children are likely to find themselves in a serious mess. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Those truths are more uncomfortable still when you relate them with the fact that the generation that's going to be picking up the pieces will have grown up not caring much for other people's ownership.{{/U}} You may not be losing any sleep over some big fat film company or some already super-rich band being robbed of astronomical amounts by young people who know their way round a keyboard. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Even though you may not find this universal theft morally upsetting, the fact is that what it teaches-that ownership is neither here nor there-has serious consequences once this generation is forced to deal with its parents' generation's economic mess-ups.{{/U}} Extend the question of ownership's irrelevance and you find it results in people whose work is stolen, passed around for free. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}I quite liked it when having money to go to the movies when you were 16 happened only because you had a Saturday job; or when Saturday iob meant you could go and buy the record you'd longed for all week{{/U}}. What need is there for a Saturday job when the movies come to your bedroom for free; when the record is available in seconds for nothing? Your parents feed and clothe you; the state educates you; and everything else is there for the taking. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}At one level this is thrilling in that all the information and knowledge in the universe is there for everyone, free, to make their brain bigger and their curiosity boundless{{/U}}. At another, less exalted level it means it's never been easier to sit doing nothing, waiting to gobble up other people's stuff. It seems quite a lot of people are choosing option B. Plenty of free stuff, yes. But you do wonder: who's really the mug?

问答题Directions:Assuming that a manager is going to interview some job applicants and one of his friends gives him a piece of advice that the first impression is not a reliable basis for judgment. This manager wants to hear more from others and decides to have a wall newspaper put up for more views an that topic. 1) You are going to write an article to offer your opinion about it. 2) You should write about 160～200 words neatly on Answer Skeet 2.

问答题The long and progressive reign of Queen Victoria came to a climax at a time of peace and plenty when the British Empire seemed to be at the summit of its power and security. Of the discord that soon followed we shall here note only two factors which had large influence on contemporary English literature. The first disturbing factor was imperialism, the reawakening of a dominating spirit which had seemingly been put to sleep by the proclamation of an Imperial Federation. (46)Its coming was heralded by the Boer War in South Africa, through which Britain blundered to what was hoped to be an era of peace and good will. Other nations promptly made such hope a vain whistling in the wind. Japanese War Lords began a career of conquest which aimed to make Japan master of Asia and East Indies. Pacific islands that had for ages slept peacefully were turned into frowning naval stations. (47)Even the United States, aroused by an easy triumph in the Spanish War, started on an imperialistic adventure by taking control of the Philippines, thus making an implacable enemy of Japan. Only a nation that enters on a dangerous course with eyes wide open has any chance of a safe way out, and the imperialistic nations were all alike blind. (48)An inevitable result was the First War and the great horror of a Second World War, the two disasters being different acts of the same tragedy of imperialism, separated only by a breathing spell. Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind; not slow and orderly reform, which is progress, but immediate and uncontrolled reform, which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair. Before the Victorian age had come to an end, English literature appeared to have lost touch with healthy English life. Many writers echoed the sorrowful cry of James Thomson in his City of Dreadful Night, or babbled of "art for art's sake" with Oscar Wilde. (49)Groom, in his survey of the period, notes that writers had mostly a critical attitude toward morals and religion, Church and State, as relies from "the dead hand of traditional beliefs." (50)Small wonder that German and Japanese war-advocates regarded Englishmen as a decadent race when the same or a worse opinion was daily read in the novels of Samuel Butler and nightly heard in the plays of Bernard Shaw.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. 1 But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. 2 Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine"s success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. 3 The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old ( currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U.S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. 4 There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990. 5 Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题You should write about 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题1. when and where to hold the dinner;2. who you will invite;3. show your sincere welcome.you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Martin" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points) Part B

问答题Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200wordsinwhichyoushould1)describethecartoonbriefly,2)interpretthephenomenonreflected,and3)giveyourcommentonit.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) {{U}}The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.{{/U}} We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) {{U}}It is, I suppose, the decline of active play--of amateur sport--and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem.{{/U}} If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) {{U}}There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody.{{/U}} Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them. 49) {{U}}It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure.{{/U}} In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. 50) {{U}}There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.{{/U}} (356 words)

问答题Directions: You've been told that your best roommate Zhichao in senior high school, who is studying in US now,has been admitted to the Graduate College of Cornell University. Write a letter to congratulate him on it. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. 1 You either have science or you don"t, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. 2 It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the wag ahead seems. 3 It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. 4 It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can"t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. 5 To be sure, there may well be questions we can"t think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)givereasonsforgivingupsmoking,and3)suggestwaystoquitsmoking.

问答题{{B}}Directions.{{/B}}Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofdiggingwells.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.presentyoursuggestionsYoushouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题1. Show his thanks for the gift;2. The gift is very useful;3. Some wishes for James. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at he end of the letter. Use "Paul" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题Gandhi's pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1) Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi's attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (2) the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of Railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to "passive resistance" as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means "firmness in the truth". (3) In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centered round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (4) indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: "What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?" (5) I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the "you're another" type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer's Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi's view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which "would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler's violence./

问答题Directions: You are a member of Photography Club and this club is going to hold a photo exhibition to celebrate the coming 50th anniversary of your university. Now you are expected to write a note to invite your schoolmates to contribute photos to this exhibition. Write your note in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

问答题Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80～100 English words 请把“公车”还给大众 你知道北京有多少辆“公车”吗?2011年3月的最后一天，北京市财政局公布了一个数字：62026。这个碰巧在排列上有对称性的数字，也碰巧有了历史性的意义，因为公布此类信息，尚属全国首次。 诚如此次信息公开的申请人北京某律师所助理叶晓静所说，这件事情虽然让人感到高兴，看到政府信息透明的希望，但这一信息过于简单，起不到监督的作用。她申请公开的是“公车”数量和型号，结果只有数字。而且，这个数字前面还添了若干限定语，除了“截至去年底”这个必要的时间点之外，还有“市党政机关、全额拨款事业单位公务用车”。也就是说，这只是街上跑的公车的一部分。据官方媒体估计，算上非直接预算购买，差额拨款事业单位、国有企业等单位购买的公车至少会增加到10万辆。民间的估计远远大于这个数字。 如果你对10万辆“公车”没有概念的话，那么可以查一查全市有多少“公交车”。我只找到一个粗略的统计说，有两万多辆，而且这还是多亏2008年北京奥运会前大幅增加的结果。当然，你可以说，两种车的体积和载人量都不同。不过，10万辆公车所追求的，不就是这些不同吗?你仍然可以算一下，这10万辆“公车”服务多少人，而两万辆“公交车”又服务多少人? 我为什么把“公车”和“公交车”加上引号呢?因为按照我自己生活中的语言习惯，“公车”就是大家都能用的车，也就是“公交车”一一看到广州媒体对“公车”新闻的报道，和北方的媒体并没有区别，我就不敢肯定是不是所有广州人都这样说话了——回想起来，多次在北京发生这样的事情：谈完工作之后，当地朋友问我，“怎么回去?”我答道，“坐公车啊。”我指的是坐公交车或者地铁，朋友们是不是以为我有“公务用车”，而且还不无炫耀地挂在嘴上呢? 这并非文字游戏，而是“名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成”。把“公务用车”简称为“公车”，看上去也没有什么问题，但是它以少数人的利益，占据了本应属于绝大多数人的“公”字。这不仅缩减了“公”的外延，而且还改变了它的内涵，使它变成了“特权”的代名词。我建议将“公车”还给大众，指称公共交通系统，而把“公务用车”称为“官车”或“政府用车”，这样就更能显示出其数量远远多于公交车的荒谬现实。 官员作为“公家的人”，坐“公(交)车”理所当然。只有在特殊的情况下，才可以用一下“官车”，否则就会沦为笑话。你实在不喜欢挤“公车”，可以自己买车代步。有人把这种情况称为“私车公用”，这个词本身也莫名其妙。你自己去上班或者办事，自己解决交通是再也正常不过的事。按照这种逻辑，一个公务员的身体和思想，是不是都应该由政府购买下来，然后才能工作，否则就是“私腿公用”、“私脑公用”了? 取消“官车”并没有公务员叫喊的那么麻烦。杭州市自2009年5月宣布“车改”，市厅局级以下干部一律取消“官车”，改为发放交通补贴。迄今为止，没有听说公务运转因此出了什么问题。根据媒体报道?不少拿到高级别“车补”的官员，自己买车用于上下班。不过，如果是鼓励官员坐“公(交)车”，对于缓解交通拥堵、密切官民关系更有好处。 对于取消“官车”，官员们最让人同情的抱怨是，那么多的“官务接待”，没有“官车”怎么办?其实并非所有的“官务接待”都天经地义。上级或者外地官员来访，不妨请他们坐“公(交)车”或地铁——这不正是了解一个城市的最佳途径吗?